Pauli error estimation via Population Recovery Article Swipe
Steven T. Flammia
,
Ryan O apos Donnell
·
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-09-23-549
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-09-23-549
Motivated by estimation of quantum noise models, we study the problem of learning a Pauli channel, or more generally the Pauli error rates of an arbitrary channel. By employing a novel reduction to the "Population Recovery" problem, we give an extremely simple algorithm that learns the Pauli error rates of an -qubit channel to precision in using just applications of the channel. This is optimal up to the logarithmic factors. Our algorithm uses only unentangled state preparation and measurements, and the post-measurement classical runtime is just an factor larger than the measurement data size. It is also impervious to a limited model of measurement noise where heralded measurement failures occur independently with probability .We then consider the case where the noise channel is close to the identity, meaning that the no-error outcome occurs with probability . In the regime of small we extend our algorithm to achieve multiplicative precision (i.e., additive precision ) using just applications of the channel.
Related Topics
Concepts
Pauli exclusion principle
Multiplicative function
Logarithm
Mathematics
Algorithm
Channel (broadcasting)
Noise (video)
Population
Qubit
Observational error
Statistics
Physics
Statistical physics
Quantum mechanics
Quantum
Computer science
Mathematical analysis
Artificial intelligence
Telecommunications
Demography
Sociology
Image (mathematics)
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- lv
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-09-23-549
- https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2021-09-23-549/pdf/
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 28
- References
- 44
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W3163784880
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W3163784880Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-09-23-549Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Pauli error estimation via Population RecoveryWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
lvPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2021Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2021-09-23Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Steven T. Flammia, Ryan O apos DonnellList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-09-23-549Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2021-09-23-549/pdf/Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2021-09-23-549/pdf/Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Pauli exclusion principle, Multiplicative function, Logarithm, Mathematics, Algorithm, Channel (broadcasting), Noise (video), Population, Qubit, Observational error, Statistics, Physics, Statistical physics, Quantum mechanics, Quantum, Computer science, Mathematical analysis, Artificial intelligence, Telecommunications, Demography, Sociology, Image (mathematics)Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
28Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 8, 2024: 8, 2023: 7, 2022: 5Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
44Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W3163784880 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-09-23-549 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-09-23-549 |
| ids.mag | 3163784880 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W3163784880 |
| fwci | 2.8220715 |
| type | article |
| title | Pauli error estimation via Population Recovery |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G7706297712 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320338281 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | W911NF2110001 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | Army Research Office |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 5 |
| biblio.last_page | 549 |
| biblio.first_page | 549 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10682 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| topics[0].display_name | Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10020 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9994000196456909 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| topics[1].display_name | Quantum Information and Cryptography |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11612 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[2].score | 0.9933000206947327 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| topics[2].display_name | Stochastic Gradient Optimization Techniques |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320338281 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/05epdh915 |
| funders[0].display_name | Army Research Office |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 200 |
| apc_list.currency | EUR |
| apc_list.value_usd | 215 |
| apc_paid.value | 200 |
| apc_paid.currency | EUR |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 215 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C110340908 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.8313817977905273 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131594 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Pauli exclusion principle |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C42747912 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6845042109489441 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048447 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Multiplicative function |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C39927690 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5377336740493774 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11197 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Logarithm |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C33923547 |
| concepts[3].level | 0 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5107874870300293 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Mathematics |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C11413529 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.4864180088043213 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Algorithm |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C127162648 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.47892317175865173 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16858953 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Channel (broadcasting) |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C99498987 |
| concepts[6].level | 3 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4762404263019562 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Noise (video) |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C2908647359 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.462529718875885 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Population |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C203087015 |
| concepts[8].level | 3 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.4435940682888031 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q378201 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Qubit |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C19619285 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.41923877596855164 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q196372 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Observational error |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C105795698 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.40501293540000916 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Statistics |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[11].level | 0 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.3940889239311218 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C121864883 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.375064492225647 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Statistical physics |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C62520636 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.3432140350341797 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Quantum mechanics |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C84114770 |
| concepts[14].level | 2 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.33311647176742554 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Quantum |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[15].level | 0 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.2527821362018585 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C134306372 |
| concepts[16].level | 1 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.21599602699279785 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Mathematical analysis |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C154945302 |
| concepts[17].level | 1 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.11404860019683838 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C76155785 |
| concepts[18].level | 1 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.11321136355400085 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Telecommunications |
| concepts[19].id | https://openalex.org/C149923435 |
| concepts[19].level | 1 |
| concepts[19].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[19].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732 |
| concepts[19].display_name | Demography |
| concepts[20].id | https://openalex.org/C144024400 |
| concepts[20].level | 0 |
| concepts[20].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[20].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201 |
| concepts[20].display_name | Sociology |
| concepts[21].id | https://openalex.org/C115961682 |
| concepts[21].level | 2 |
| concepts[21].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[21].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623 |
| concepts[21].display_name | Image (mathematics) |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/pauli-exclusion-principle |
| keywords[0].score | 0.8313817977905273 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Pauli exclusion principle |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/multiplicative-function |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6845042109489441 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Multiplicative function |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/logarithm |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5377336740493774 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Logarithm |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5107874870300293 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Mathematics |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm |
| keywords[4].score | 0.4864180088043213 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Algorithm |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/channel |
| keywords[5].score | 0.47892317175865173 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Channel (broadcasting) |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/noise |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4762404263019562 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Noise (video) |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/population |
| keywords[7].score | 0.462529718875885 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Population |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/qubit |
| keywords[8].score | 0.4435940682888031 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Qubit |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/observational-error |
| keywords[9].score | 0.41923877596855164 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Observational error |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics |
| keywords[10].score | 0.40501293540000916 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Statistics |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[11].score | 0.3940889239311218 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics |
| keywords[12].score | 0.375064492225647 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Statistical physics |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics |
| keywords[13].score | 0.3432140350341797 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Quantum mechanics |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum |
| keywords[14].score | 0.33311647176742554 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Quantum |
| keywords[15].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[15].score | 0.2527821362018585 |
| keywords[15].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[16].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis |
| keywords[16].score | 0.21599602699279785 |
| keywords[16].display_name | Mathematical analysis |
| keywords[17].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence |
| keywords[17].score | 0.11404860019683838 |
| keywords[17].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| keywords[18].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications |
| keywords[18].score | 0.11321136355400085 |
| keywords[18].display_name | Telecommunications |
| language | lv |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.22331/q-2021-09-23-549 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210226432 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2521-327X |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2521-327X |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Quantum |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310317900 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Verein zur Förderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310317900 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Verein zur Förderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2021-09-23-549/pdf/ |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Quantum |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-09-23-549 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2105.02885 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400194 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | arXiv (Cornell University) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | Cornell University |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2105.02885 |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | text |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | http://arxiv.org/abs/2105.02885 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:authors.library.caltech.edu:112003 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401936 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | The Caltech Institute Archives (California Institute of Technology) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I122411786 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | California Institute of Technology |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I122411786 |
| locations[2].license | cc-by |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | Article |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20211123-173204089 |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:3a8f64e4c16e42feb46b5fe5f9dc3857 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[3].license | cc-by-sa |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | article |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | Quantum, Vol 5, p 549 (2021) |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/3a8f64e4c16e42feb46b5fe5f9dc3857 |
| indexed_in | arxiv, crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5007129549 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3975-0226 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Steven T. Flammia |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I122411786 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | IQIM, California Institute of Technology, USA |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | AWS Center for Quantum Computing, USA |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I122411786 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05dxps055 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I122411786 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | California Institute of Technology |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Steven T. Flammia |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | AWS Center for Quantum Computing, USA, IQIM, California Institute of Technology, USA |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5099295585 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Ryan O apos Donnell |
| authorships[1].countries | US |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I74973139 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, USA |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I74973139 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05x2bcf33 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I74973139 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Carnegie Mellon University |
| authorships[1].author_position | last |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Ryan O'Donnell |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Computer Science Department, Carnegie Mellon University, USA |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2021-09-23-549/pdf/ |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Pauli error estimation via Population Recovery |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10682 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Computer Science |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| primary_topic.display_name | Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W3006983566, https://openalex.org/W2052382920, https://openalex.org/W2024371448, https://openalex.org/W1611230162, https://openalex.org/W2352949123, https://openalex.org/W2951304272, https://openalex.org/W2747066503, https://openalex.org/W1572121409, https://openalex.org/W3100342955, https://openalex.org/W2104560584 |
| cited_by_count | 28 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 8 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 8 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 7 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 5 |
| locations_count | 4 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.22331/q-2021-09-23-549 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210226432 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2521-327X |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2521-327X |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Quantum |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310317900 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Verein zur Förderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310317900 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Verein zur Förderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2021-09-23-549/pdf/ |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Quantum |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-09-23-549 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.22331/q-2021-09-23-549 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210226432 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2521-327X |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2521-327X |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Quantum |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310317900 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Verein zur Förderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310317900 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Verein zur Förderung des Open Access Publizierens in den Quantenwissenschaften |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://quantum-journal.org/papers/q-2021-09-23-549/pdf/ |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Quantum |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.22331/q-2021-09-23-549 |
| publication_date | 2021-09-23 |
| publication_year | 2021 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2971926581, https://openalex.org/W2939764522, https://openalex.org/W2168561001, https://openalex.org/W2020725861, https://openalex.org/W1872835612, https://openalex.org/W3090383450, https://openalex.org/W2963562256, https://openalex.org/W2294441462, https://openalex.org/W2966125890, https://openalex.org/W6931324851, https://openalex.org/W2003807262, https://openalex.org/W2027528470, https://openalex.org/W2965632114, https://openalex.org/W3043431549, https://openalex.org/W2548783102, https://openalex.org/W2969837183, https://openalex.org/W2032147770, https://openalex.org/W1965877824, https://openalex.org/W2575161306, https://openalex.org/W2065057602, https://openalex.org/W4256260099, https://openalex.org/W4230076763, https://openalex.org/W3102754027, https://openalex.org/W6734591652, https://openalex.org/W1984021697, https://openalex.org/W3126423826, https://openalex.org/W4211030719, https://openalex.org/W2268604949, https://openalex.org/W1981903670, https://openalex.org/W2283664728, https://openalex.org/W1891181203, https://openalex.org/W2978229754, https://openalex.org/W3112158114, https://openalex.org/W2963466678, https://openalex.org/W2958531370, https://openalex.org/W3141108877, https://openalex.org/W3133063272, https://openalex.org/W3006713629, https://openalex.org/W2741599857, https://openalex.org/W2594002408, https://openalex.org/W3105820062, https://openalex.org/W3177240136, https://openalex.org/W1763793949, https://openalex.org/W2912099989 |
| referenced_works_count | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 13, 29, 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.By | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.It | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 24, 39, 50, 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 77, 98, 114, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 3, 11, 23, 49, 73, 121, 161, 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 32, 54, 80, 117, 145, 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.up | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 7, 37, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Our | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 91, 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.our | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 9, 19, 33, 45, 74, 81, 94, 109, 137, 140, 146, 150, 159, 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.case | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.give | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.just | 63, 99, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.only | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 43, 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.then | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uses | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 130, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Pauli | 14, 20, 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.close | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.error | 21, 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.noise | 5, 123, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.novel | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.occur | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rates | 22, 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.size. | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.small | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.state | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 62, 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.where | 124, 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(i.e., | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extend | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factor | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.larger | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.learns | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.occurs | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regime | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simple | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achieve | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.channel | 53, 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.limited | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meaning | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.models, | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimal | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.outcome | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.problem | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quantum | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.runtime | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.additive | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.channel, | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.channel. | 26, 75, 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consider | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factors. | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.failures | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.heralded | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.learning | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.no-error | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.problem, | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.<mml:math | 51, 56, 59, 64, 101, 132, 156, 163, 173, 178, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Motivated | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Recovery" | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.algorithm | 42, 85, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.arbitrary | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.classical | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.employing | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extremely | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generally | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identity, | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.precision | 55, 172, 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reduction | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.estimation | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impervious | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index."Population | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.logarithmic | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measurement | 110, 122, 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.preparation | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.probability | 131, 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unentangled | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applications | 72, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.independently | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measurements, | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multiplicative | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maxsize="1.2em" | 185, 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.post-measurement | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.class="MJX-TeXAtom-OPEN"><mml:mo | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.class="MJX-TeXAtom-CLOSE"><mml:mo | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> | 71, 105, 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mrow | 69, 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mrow | 66, 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mathvariant="normal">&#x221E;</mml:mi></mml:msub></mml:math> | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mo | 65, 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>O</mml:mi><mml:mrow | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:math>-qubit | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x2061;</mml:mo><mml:mo | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:math>.We | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03B7;</mml:mi></mml:math> | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03F5;</mml:mi></mml:math> | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>&#x03F5;</mml:mi><mml:mo | 70, 104, 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.minsize="1.2em">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mi>log</mml:mi><mml:mo>&#x2061;</mml:mo><mml:mo | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>&#x2113;</mml:mi><mml:mi | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mo>&#x2264;</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mrow | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>&#x03F5;</mml:mi><mml:mi>&#x03B7;</mml:mi></mml:math>) | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mml:mo>/</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>&#x03F5;</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mo | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#x00B1;</mml:mo><mml:mi>&#x03F5;</mml:mi></mml:math> | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>&#x2212;</mml:mo><mml:mi>&#x03B7;</mml:mi></mml:math>. | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.minsize="1.2em">(</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mfrac><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>&#x03F5;</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup><mml:mi>&#x03B7;</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac><mml:mrow | 186 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 97 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 2 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.6600000262260437 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Quality Education |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.92090852 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |