Phase-to-pattern inverse design paradigm for fast realization of functional metasurfaces via transfer learning Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23087-y
Metasurfaces have provided unprecedented freedom for manipulating electromagnetic waves. In metasurface design, massive meta-atoms have to be optimized to produce the desired phase profiles, which is time-consuming and sometimes prohibitive. In this paper, we propose a fast accurate inverse method of designing functional metasurfaces based on transfer learning, which can generate metasurface patterns monolithically from input phase profiles for specific functions. A transfer learning network based on GoogLeNet-Inception-V3 can predict the phases of 2 8×8 meta-atoms with an accuracy of around 90%. This method is validated via functional metasurface design using the trained network. Metasurface patterns are generated monolithically for achieving two typical functionals, 2D focusing and abnormal reflection. Both simulation and experiment verify the high design accuracy. This method provides an inverse design paradigm for fast functional metasurface design, and can be readily used to establish a meta-atom library with full phase span.
Related Topics
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23087-y
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23087-y.pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 231
- References
- 45
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W3163907945
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W3163907945Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23087-yDigital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Phase-to-pattern inverse design paradigm for fast realization of functional metasurfaces via transfer learningWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2021Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2021-05-20Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Ruichao Zhu, Tianshuo Qiu, Jiafu Wang, Sai Sui, Chenglong Hao, Tonghao Liu, Yongfeng Li, Mingde Feng, Anxue Zhang, Cheng‐Wei Qiu, Shaobo QuList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23087-yPublisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23087-y.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23087-y.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Realization (probability), Computer science, Inverse, Phase (matter), Reflection (computer programming), Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry), Inverse problem, Electronic engineering, Physics, Mathematics, Engineering, Geometry, Statistics, Programming language, Quantum mechanics, Mathematical analysisTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
231Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 64, 2024: 69, 2023: 53, 2022: 32, 2021: 13Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
45Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W3163907945 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23087-y |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23087-y |
| ids.mag | 3163907945 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34016963 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W3163907945 |
| fwci | 11.54743161 |
| type | article |
| title | Phase-to-pattern inverse design paradigm for fast realization of functional metasurfaces via transfer learning |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G7890816818 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | 61971435, 61971437, 61901508, 61671466, 61671467 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| biblio.issue | 1 |
| biblio.volume | 12 |
| biblio.last_page | 2974 |
| biblio.first_page | 2974 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10245 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/25 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Materials Science |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2504 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials |
| topics[0].display_name | Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10069 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.993399977684021 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2202 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Aerospace Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Antenna Design and Analysis |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11392 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9918000102043152 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2208 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Electrical and Electronic Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Energy Harvesting in Wireless Networks |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/01h0zpd94 |
| funders[0].display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 3920 |
| apc_list.currency | GBP |
| apc_list.value_usd | 4808 |
| apc_paid.value | 3920 |
| apc_paid.currency | GBP |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 4808 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C2781089630 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7555261850357056 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21856745 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Realization (probability) |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[1].level | 0 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7069376111030579 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C207467116 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6832805871963501 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4385666 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Inverse |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C44280652 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.6063559651374817 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Phase (matter) |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C65682993 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.4994826316833496 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1056451 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Reflection (computer programming) |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C208081375 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.43398919701576233 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q274502 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C135252773 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4101954996585846 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1567213 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Inverse problem |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C24326235 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.34681516885757446 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Electronic engineering |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[8].level | 0 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.26030680537223816 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C33923547 |
| concepts[9].level | 0 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.11802685260772705 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Mathematics |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[10].level | 0 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.08374586701393127 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C2524010 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Geometry |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C105795698 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Statistics |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C199360897 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Programming language |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C62520636 |
| concepts[14].level | 1 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Quantum mechanics |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C134306372 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Mathematical analysis |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/realization |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7555261850357056 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Realization (probability) |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7069376111030579 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6832805871963501 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Inverse |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/phase |
| keywords[3].score | 0.6063559651374817 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Phase (matter) |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/reflection |
| keywords[4].score | 0.4994826316833496 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Reflection (computer programming) |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/degrees-of-freedom |
| keywords[5].score | 0.43398919701576233 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry) |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/inverse-problem |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4101954996585846 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Inverse problem |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering |
| keywords[7].score | 0.34681516885757446 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Electronic engineering |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[8].score | 0.26030680537223816 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics |
| keywords[9].score | 0.11802685260772705 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Mathematics |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[10].score | 0.08374586701393127 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Engineering |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23087-y |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S64187185 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2041-1723 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2041-1723 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Nature Communications |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319908 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Nature Portfolio |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319908, https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Nature Portfolio, Springer Nature |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23087-y.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Nature Communications |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23087-y |
| locations[1].id | pmid:34016963 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Nature communications |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34016963 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:scholarbank.nus.edu.sg:10635/232329 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source | |
| locations[2].license | cc-by |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | Article |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Scopus OA2021 |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://scholarbank.nus.edu.sg/handle/10635/232329 |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:82236938070c4bfcb037950d33141f59 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[3].license | cc-by-sa |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | article |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | Nature Communications, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-10 (2021) |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/82236938070c4bfcb037950d33141f59 |
| locations[4].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8137937 |
| locations[4].is_oa | True |
| locations[4].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[4].source.issn | |
| locations[4].source.type | repository |
| locations[4].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[4].source.issn_l | |
| locations[4].source.is_core | False |
| locations[4].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[4].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[4].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[4].license | other-oa |
| locations[4].pdf_url | |
| locations[4].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[4].raw_type | Text |
| locations[4].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[4].is_accepted | False |
| locations[4].is_published | False |
| locations[4].raw_source_name | Nat Commun |
| locations[4].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8137937 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5056217669 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6015-8948 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Ruichao Zhu |
| authorships[0].countries | CN |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00seraz22 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Air Force Engineering University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Ruichao Zhu |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5033170693 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6797-3606 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Tianshuo Qiu |
| authorships[1].countries | CN |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00seraz22 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Air Force Engineering University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Tianshuo Qiu |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100765806 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7151-6395 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Jiafu Wang |
| authorships[2].countries | CN |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00seraz22 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Air Force Engineering University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Jiafu Wang |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5032689526 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8160-1689 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Sai Sui |
| authorships[3].countries | CN |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00seraz22 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Air Force Engineering University |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Sai Sui |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5085521531 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4908-8715 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Chenglong Hao |
| authorships[4].countries | SG |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I165932596 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I165932596 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01tgyzw49 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I165932596 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | SG |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | National University of Singapore |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Chenglong Hao |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5056051156 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0376-6899 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Tonghao Liu |
| authorships[5].countries | CN |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00seraz22 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | Air Force Engineering University |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Tonghao Liu |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100371418 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4395-7254 |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Yongfeng Li |
| authorships[6].countries | CN |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00seraz22 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | Air Force Engineering University |
| authorships[6].author_position | middle |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Yongfeng Li |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[7].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5101055777 |
| authorships[7].author.orcid | |
| authorships[7].author.display_name | Mingde Feng |
| authorships[7].countries | CN |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00seraz22 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].display_name | Air Force Engineering University |
| authorships[7].author_position | middle |
| authorships[7].raw_author_name | Mingde Feng |
| authorships[7].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[7].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[8].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5002236287 |
| authorships[8].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3254-6679 |
| authorships[8].author.display_name | Anxue Zhang |
| authorships[8].countries | CN |
| authorships[8].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I87445476 |
| authorships[8].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I87445476 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/017zhmm22 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I87445476 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].display_name | Xi'an Jiaotong University |
| authorships[8].author_position | middle |
| authorships[8].raw_author_name | Anxue Zhang |
| authorships[8].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[8].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[9].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5089609880 |
| authorships[9].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6605-500X |
| authorships[9].author.display_name | Cheng‐Wei Qiu |
| authorships[9].countries | SG |
| authorships[9].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I165932596 |
| authorships[9].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I165932596 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01tgyzw49 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I165932596 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].country_code | SG |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].display_name | National University of Singapore |
| authorships[9].author_position | middle |
| authorships[9].raw_author_name | Cheng-Wei Qiu |
| authorships[9].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[9].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore |
| authorships[10].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5104186695 |
| authorships[10].author.orcid | |
| authorships[10].author.display_name | Shaobo Qu |
| authorships[10].countries | CN |
| authorships[10].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[10].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00seraz22 |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210104252 |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].display_name | Air Force Engineering University |
| authorships[10].author_position | last |
| authorships[10].raw_author_name | Shaobo Qu |
| authorships[10].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[10].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Basic Sciences, Air Force Engineering University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23087-y.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Phase-to-pattern inverse design paradigm for fast realization of functional metasurfaces via transfer learning |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10245 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/25 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Materials Science |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2504 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials |
| primary_topic.display_name | Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2022544890, https://openalex.org/W2394097730, https://openalex.org/W2475378634, https://openalex.org/W4312353617, https://openalex.org/W2113405914, https://openalex.org/W2260963831, https://openalex.org/W4235249401, https://openalex.org/W2356588216, https://openalex.org/W2331917905, https://openalex.org/W3155039083 |
| cited_by_count | 231 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 64 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 69 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 53 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 32 |
| counts_by_year[4].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[4].cited_by_count | 13 |
| locations_count | 5 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23087-y |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S64187185 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2041-1723 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2041-1723 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Nature Communications |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319908 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Nature Portfolio |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319908, https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Nature Portfolio, Springer Nature |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23087-y.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Nature Communications |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23087-y |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23087-y |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S64187185 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2041-1723 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2041-1723 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Nature Communications |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319908 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Nature Portfolio |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319908, https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Nature Portfolio, Springer Nature |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23087-y.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Nature Communications |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-23087-y |
| publication_date | 2021-05-20 |
| publication_year | 2021 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2069254963, https://openalex.org/W2368505379, https://openalex.org/W2121607567, https://openalex.org/W2335776074, https://openalex.org/W2118761136, https://openalex.org/W2082432933, https://openalex.org/W2260784149, https://openalex.org/W1999276207, https://openalex.org/W2064354674, https://openalex.org/W2038671620, https://openalex.org/W2217897795, https://openalex.org/W2740268063, https://openalex.org/W2473606342, https://openalex.org/W2011730013, https://openalex.org/W2470737622, https://openalex.org/W2806536390, https://openalex.org/W2766162919, https://openalex.org/W2974878544, https://openalex.org/W2900701156, https://openalex.org/W2962914006, https://openalex.org/W2802028948, https://openalex.org/W2891797827, https://openalex.org/W2098103715, https://openalex.org/W2775280502, https://openalex.org/W2803281408, https://openalex.org/W2800948842, https://openalex.org/W2117539524, https://openalex.org/W2889241684, https://openalex.org/W2884851420, https://openalex.org/W2165698076, https://openalex.org/W2076063813, https://openalex.org/W2919115771, https://openalex.org/W2164114810, https://openalex.org/W2183341477, https://openalex.org/W2979811391, https://openalex.org/W2365261012, https://openalex.org/W1486520262, https://openalex.org/W2340497030, https://openalex.org/W2524701924, https://openalex.org/W2606101940, https://openalex.org/W2163605009, https://openalex.org/W3100633412, https://openalex.org/W3137695714, https://openalex.org/W2964121744, https://openalex.org/W2962835968 |
| referenced_works_count | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2 | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 36, 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2D | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 10, 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 78, 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 17, 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 26, 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 41, 73, 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 46, 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 16, 19, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 28, 107, 112, 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 50, 69, 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 6, 59, 100, 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 21, 71, 92, 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.via | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.8×8 | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.90%. | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Both | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 83, 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fast | 37, 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.full | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 2, 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 77, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 45, 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.input | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phase | 23, 57, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.span. | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 25, 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.around | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.design | 90, 117, 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.method | 40, 84, 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper, | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phases | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.verify | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.waves. | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.design, | 12, 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.desired | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.freedom | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inverse | 39, 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.library | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.massive | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.network | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predict | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.produce | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.propose | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.readily | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trained | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.typical | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.abnormal | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accuracy | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accurate | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.focusing | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generate | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.learning | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.network. | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paradigm | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patterns | 53, 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.profiles | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provided | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provides | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specific | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transfer | 47, 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accuracy. | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achieving | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.designing | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.establish | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generated | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.learning, | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meta-atom | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimized | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.profiles, | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sometimes | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.validated | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.experiment | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.functional | 43, 88, 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.functions. | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meta-atoms | 14, 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulation | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Metasurface | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.metasurface | 11, 52, 89, 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reflection. | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Metasurfaces | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.functionals, | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.manipulating | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.metasurfaces | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prohibitive. | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unprecedented | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.monolithically | 54, 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time-consuming | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electromagnetic | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.GoogLeNet-Inception-V3 | 68 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 100 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 99 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 11 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.6899999976158142 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Peace, Justice and strong institutions |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.99442879 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | True |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |