Physics-informed deep-learning parameterization of ocean vertical mixing improves climate simulations Article Swipe
Yuchao Zhu
,
Rong‐Hua Zhang
,
James N. Moum
,
Fan Wang
,
Xiaofeng Li
,
Delei Li
·
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac044
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac044
Uncertainties in ocean-mixing parameterizations are primary sources for ocean and climate modeling biases. Due to lack of process understanding, traditional physics-driven parameterizations perform unsatisfactorily in the tropics. Recent advances in the deep-learning method and the new availability of long-term turbulence measurements provide an opportunity to explore data-driven approaches to parameterizing oceanic vertical-mixing processes. Here, we describe a novel parameterization based on an artificial neural network trained using a decadal-long time record of hydrographic and turbulence observations in the tropical Pacific. This data-driven parameterization achieves higher accuracy than current parameterizations, demonstrating good generalization ability under physical constraints. When integrated into an ocean model, our parameterization facilitates improved simulations in both ocean-only and coupled modeling. As a novel application of machine learning to the geophysical fluid, these results show the feasibility of using limited observations and well-understood physical constraints to construct a physics-informed deep-learning parameterization for improved climate simulations.
Related Topics
Concepts
Mixing (physics)
Generalization
Climate model
Artificial neural network
Ocean observations
Hydrography
Deep sea
Climatology
Meteorology
Computer science
Turbulence
Environmental science
Oceanography
Climate change
Artificial intelligence
Geology
Physics
Mathematics
Quantum mechanics
Mathematical analysis
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac044
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 91
- References
- 44
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4214812787
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4214812787Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac044Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Physics-informed deep-learning parameterization of ocean vertical mixing improves climate simulationsWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2022Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2022-03-04Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Yuchao Zhu, Rong‐Hua Zhang, James N. Moum, Fan Wang, Xiaofeng Li, Delei LiList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac044Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac044Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Mixing (physics), Generalization, Climate model, Artificial neural network, Ocean observations, Hydrography, Deep sea, Climatology, Meteorology, Computer science, Turbulence, Environmental science, Oceanography, Climate change, Artificial intelligence, Geology, Physics, Mathematics, Quantum mechanics, Mathematical analysisTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
91Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 31, 2024: 31, 2023: 25, 2022: 4Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
44Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4214812787 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac044 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac044 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35992235 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4214812787 |
| fwci | 21.40763218 |
| type | article |
| title | Physics-informed deep-learning parameterization of ocean vertical mixing improves climate simulations |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G6644160591 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | 41730534 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| awards[1].id | https://openalex.org/G7493449983 |
| awards[1].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[1].display_name | |
| awards[1].funder_award_id | 42090040 |
| awards[1].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| awards[2].id | https://openalex.org/G2167687521 |
| awards[2].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[2].display_name | |
| awards[2].funder_award_id | 42030410 |
| awards[2].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| awards[3].id | https://openalex.org/G4326816878 |
| awards[3].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321133 |
| awards[3].display_name | |
| awards[3].funder_award_id | XDB40000000 |
| awards[3].funder_display_name | Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| awards[4].id | https://openalex.org/G4662037403 |
| awards[4].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[4].display_name | |
| awards[4].funder_award_id | 41906007 |
| awards[4].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| awards[5].id | https://openalex.org/G8562500486 |
| awards[5].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320335353 |
| awards[5].display_name | |
| awards[5].funder_award_id | 1256620 |
| awards[5].funder_display_name | National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka |
| awards[6].id | https://openalex.org/G7942222322 |
| awards[6].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320335353 |
| awards[6].display_name | |
| awards[6].funder_award_id | 1431518 |
| awards[6].funder_display_name | National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka |
| awards[7].id | https://openalex.org/G7738052025 |
| awards[7].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[7].display_name | |
| awards[7].funder_award_id | U2006211 |
| awards[7].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| awards[8].id | https://openalex.org/G8494766353 |
| awards[8].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320335353 |
| awards[8].display_name | |
| awards[8].funder_award_id | 2048631 |
| awards[8].funder_display_name | National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka |
| awards[9].id | https://openalex.org/G6744285886 |
| awards[9].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320335777 |
| awards[9].display_name | |
| awards[9].funder_award_id | 2017YFA0604100 |
| awards[9].funder_display_name | National Key Research and Development Program of China |
| awards[10].id | https://openalex.org/G3733479578 |
| awards[10].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321133 |
| awards[10].display_name | |
| awards[10].funder_award_id | XDA19060102 |
| awards[10].funder_display_name | Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| awards[11].id | https://openalex.org/G4862920727 |
| awards[11].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321133 |
| awards[11].display_name | |
| awards[11].funder_award_id | XDB42000000 |
| awards[11].funder_display_name | Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| biblio.issue | 8 |
| biblio.volume | 9 |
| biblio.last_page | nwac044 |
| biblio.first_page | nwac044 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10255 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Earth and Planetary Sciences |
| topics[0].score | 0.9990000128746033 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1910 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Oceanography |
| topics[0].display_name | Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10029 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9983999729156494 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2306 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Global and Planetary Change |
| topics[1].display_name | Climate variability and models |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10466 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Earth and Planetary Sciences |
| topics[2].score | 0.9970999956130981 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1902 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Atmospheric Science |
| topics[2].display_name | Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/01h0zpd94 |
| funders[0].display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| funders[1].id | https://openalex.org/F4320321133 |
| funders[1].ror | https://ror.org/034t30j35 |
| funders[1].display_name | Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| funders[2].id | https://openalex.org/F4320335353 |
| funders[2].ror | https://ror.org/010xaa060 |
| funders[2].display_name | National Science Foundation of Sri Lanka |
| funders[3].id | https://openalex.org/F4320335777 |
| funders[3].ror | |
| funders[3].display_name | National Key Research and Development Program of China |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1904 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1904 |
| apc_paid.value | 1904 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1904 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C138777275 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.6686064600944519 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6884054 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Mixing (physics) |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C177148314 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6225915551185608 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170084 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Generalization |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C168754636 |
| concepts[2].level | 3 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5595908761024475 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q620920 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Climate model |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C50644808 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5484490990638733 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Artificial neural network |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C2776248883 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.5428916811943054 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17154087 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Ocean observations |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C76256466 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.5151997208595276 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182468 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Hydrography |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C21790881 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.47028449177742004 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070117 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Deep sea |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C49204034 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.464980810880661 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Climatology |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C153294291 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.4579017162322998 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Meteorology |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[9].level | 0 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.4328423738479614 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C196558001 |
| concepts[10].level | 2 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.4225425720214844 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Turbulence |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C39432304 |
| concepts[11].level | 0 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.3421028256416321 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Environmental science |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C111368507 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.270846962928772 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Oceanography |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C132651083 |
| concepts[13].level | 2 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.26678967475891113 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Climate change |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C154945302 |
| concepts[14].level | 1 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.2576638460159302 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C127313418 |
| concepts[15].level | 0 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.20154374837875366 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Geology |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[16].level | 0 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.18805035948753357 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C33923547 |
| concepts[17].level | 0 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.11666634678840637 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Mathematics |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C62520636 |
| concepts[18].level | 1 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Quantum mechanics |
| concepts[19].id | https://openalex.org/C134306372 |
| concepts[19].level | 1 |
| concepts[19].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[19].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754 |
| concepts[19].display_name | Mathematical analysis |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mixing |
| keywords[0].score | 0.6686064600944519 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Mixing (physics) |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/generalization |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6225915551185608 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Generalization |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-model |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5595908761024475 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Climate model |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5484490990638733 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Artificial neural network |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/ocean-observations |
| keywords[4].score | 0.5428916811943054 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Ocean observations |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/hydrography |
| keywords[5].score | 0.5151997208595276 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Hydrography |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-sea |
| keywords[6].score | 0.47028449177742004 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Deep sea |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology |
| keywords[7].score | 0.464980810880661 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Climatology |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology |
| keywords[8].score | 0.4579017162322998 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Meteorology |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[9].score | 0.4328423738479614 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence |
| keywords[10].score | 0.4225425720214844 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Turbulence |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science |
| keywords[11].score | 0.3421028256416321 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Environmental science |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/oceanography |
| keywords[12].score | 0.270846962928772 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Oceanography |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change |
| keywords[13].score | 0.26678967475891113 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Climate change |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence |
| keywords[14].score | 0.2576638460159302 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| keywords[15].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/geology |
| keywords[15].score | 0.20154374837875366 |
| keywords[15].display_name | Geology |
| keywords[16].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[16].score | 0.18805035948753357 |
| keywords[16].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[17].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics |
| keywords[17].score | 0.11666634678840637 |
| keywords[17].display_name | Mathematics |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1093/nsr/nwac044 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2734413303 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2053-714X, 2095-5138 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2053-714X |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | National Science Review |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310311648 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Oxford University Press |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310311648, https://openalex.org/P4310311647 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Oxford University Press, University of Oxford |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | National Science Review |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac044 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:35992235 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | National science review |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35992235 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9385460 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].license | other-oa |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | Text |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Natl Sci Rev |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9385460 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5030927546 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0277-200X |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Yuchao Zhu |
| authorships[0].countries | CN |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210101167 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210165038 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China |
| authorships[0].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266237 , China |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210101167 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/018yw5541 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210101167 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Institute of Oceanology |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/026sv7t11 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | facility |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | CN |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I4210165038 |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05qbk4x57 |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210165038 |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].country_code | CN |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].display_name | University of Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Yuchao Zhu |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266237 , China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100739600 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3332-7849 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Rong‐Hua Zhang |
| authorships[1].countries | CN |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210165038 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210159790 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi’an 710061 , China |
| authorships[1].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266237 , China |
| authorships[1].affiliations[3].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210101167 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[3].raw_affiliation_string | CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I19820366 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/034t30j35 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | government |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I19820366 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210159790 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/04nps9965 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | facility |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210159790 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | CN |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | Institute of Earth Environment |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I4210101167 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/018yw5541 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].type | facility |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210101167 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].country_code | CN |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].display_name | Institute of Oceanology |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].id | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].ror | https://ror.org/026sv7t11 |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].type | facility |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].country_code | CN |
| authorships[1].institutions[3].display_name | Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology |
| authorships[1].institutions[4].id | https://openalex.org/I4210165038 |
| authorships[1].institutions[4].ror | https://ror.org/05qbk4x57 |
| authorships[1].institutions[4].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[4].lineage | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210165038 |
| authorships[1].institutions[4].country_code | CN |
| authorships[1].institutions[4].display_name | University of Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Rong-Hua Zhang |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China, Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xi’an 710061 , China, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266237 , China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5034866067 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0152-6229 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | James N. Moum |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I131249849 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR 97331 , USA |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I131249849 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00ysfqy60 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I131249849 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Oregon State University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | James N Moum |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Oregon State University , Corvallis , OR 97331 , USA |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5029764136 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5932-7567 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Fan Wang |
| authorships[3].countries | CN |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210165038 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China |
| authorships[3].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210101167 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China |
| authorships[3].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266237 , China |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210101167 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/018yw5541 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210101167 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Institute of Oceanology |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/026sv7t11 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].type | facility |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].country_code | CN |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].display_name | Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology |
| authorships[3].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I4210165038 |
| authorships[3].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/05qbk4x57 |
| authorships[3].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210165038 |
| authorships[3].institutions[2].country_code | CN |
| authorships[3].institutions[2].display_name | University of Chinese Academy of Sciences |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Fan Wang |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266237 , China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100347672 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7038-5119 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Xiaofeng Li |
| authorships[4].countries | CN |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210101167 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210101167 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/018yw5541 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210101167 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Institute of Oceanology |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Xiaofeng Li |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5058300608 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1407-6359 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Delei Li |
| authorships[5].countries | CN |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210101167 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China |
| authorships[5].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266237 , China |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210101167 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/018yw5541 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210101167 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | Institute of Oceanology |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/026sv7t11 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].type | facility |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210113896 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].country_code | CN |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].display_name | Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology |
| authorships[5].author_position | last |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Delei Li |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, Institute of Oceanology, and Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Qingdao 266071 , China, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) , Qingdao 266237 , China |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac044 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Physics-informed deep-learning parameterization of ocean vertical mixing improves climate simulations |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10255 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Earth and Planetary Sciences |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9990000128746033 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1910 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Oceanography |
| primary_topic.display_name | Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2563427687, https://openalex.org/W3125263750, https://openalex.org/W3021538265, https://openalex.org/W2974822319, https://openalex.org/W4387790078, https://openalex.org/W3155416528, https://openalex.org/W2907613224, https://openalex.org/W2029507736, https://openalex.org/W4282830348, https://openalex.org/W4389150749 |
| cited_by_count | 91 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 31 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 31 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 25 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 4 |
| locations_count | 3 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1093/nsr/nwac044 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2734413303 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2053-714X, 2095-5138 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2053-714X |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | National Science Review |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310311648 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Oxford University Press |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310311648, https://openalex.org/P4310311647 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Oxford University Press, University of Oxford |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | National Science Review |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac044 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1093/nsr/nwac044 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2734413303 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2053-714X, 2095-5138 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2053-714X |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | National Science Review |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310311648 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Oxford University Press |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310311648, https://openalex.org/P4310311647 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Oxford University Press, University of Oxford |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | National Science Review |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1093/nsr/nwac044 |
| publication_date | 2022-03-04 |
| publication_year | 2022 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2015475507, https://openalex.org/W2599963308, https://openalex.org/W3040146841, https://openalex.org/W2018955470, https://openalex.org/W6644594910, https://openalex.org/W1922578668, https://openalex.org/W2896439350, https://openalex.org/W2180366748, https://openalex.org/W1963549306, https://openalex.org/W2031127053, https://openalex.org/W2064477787, https://openalex.org/W2097403444, https://openalex.org/W3113341124, https://openalex.org/W2137983211, https://openalex.org/W2103496339, https://openalex.org/W2919115771, https://openalex.org/W3011560410, https://openalex.org/W2913323966, https://openalex.org/W3194456427, https://openalex.org/W2948026328, https://openalex.org/W2973731563, https://openalex.org/W3042493930, https://openalex.org/W2974527409, https://openalex.org/W3047833863, https://openalex.org/W2908155528, https://openalex.org/W3193609720, https://openalex.org/W2114838592, https://openalex.org/W2796239807, https://openalex.org/W2080025284, https://openalex.org/W3200516112, https://openalex.org/W3003390122, https://openalex.org/W3107200375, https://openalex.org/W2027722232, https://openalex.org/W1990752077, https://openalex.org/W2181034171, https://openalex.org/W3037816882, https://openalex.org/W2971940059, https://openalex.org/W3047626512, https://openalex.org/W3017476219, https://openalex.org/W6682132143, https://openalex.org/W6713134421, https://openalex.org/W4299518610, https://openalex.org/W2953384591, https://openalex.org/W1976957183 |
| referenced_works_count | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 57, 68, 115, 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.As | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 43, 62, 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 2, 25, 30, 77, 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 17, 38, 72, 118, 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 15, 45, 49, 121, 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Due | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 10, 34, 74, 111, 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 8, 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.new | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.our | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 26, 31, 35, 78, 122, 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.When | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.both | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.good | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lack | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Here, | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.novel | 58, 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ocean | 9, 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.under | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 67, 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Recent | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fluid, | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.method | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model, | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.neural | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.record | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ability | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.biases. | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.climate | 11, 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.coupled | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.current | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explore | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.limited | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.machine | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.network | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.oceanic | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.perform | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.primary | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.process | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provide | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sources | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trained | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Pacific. | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accuracy | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achieves | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.advances | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.describe | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improved | 106, 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.learning | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modeling | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.physical | 95, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tropical | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tropics. | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.construct | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.long-term | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modeling. | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approaches | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.artificial | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.integrated | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ocean-only | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.processes. | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.turbulence | 40, 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.application | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.constraints | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data-driven | 47, 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.facilitates | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feasibility | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.geophysical | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.opportunity | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulations | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.traditional | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.availability | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.constraints. | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decadal-long | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hydrographic | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measurements | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.observations | 76, 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ocean-mixing | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulations. | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Uncertainties | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deep-learning | 32, 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrating | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generalization | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.parameterizing | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.physics-driven | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.understanding, | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vertical-mixing | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well-understood | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.parameterization | 59, 83, 104, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.physics-informed | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unsatisfactorily | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.parameterizations | 4, 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.parameterizations, | 89 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 100 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 97 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5100739600 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 6 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I19820366, https://openalex.org/I4210101167, https://openalex.org/I4210113896, https://openalex.org/I4210159790, https://openalex.org/I4210165038 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/13 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.699999988079071 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Climate action |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.99721291 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | True |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |