Polarization based discrete variables quantum key distribution via conjugated homodyne detection Article Swipe
Mariana F. Ramos
,
Armando N. Pinto
,
Nuno A. Silva
·
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10181-4
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10181-4
Optical homodyne detection is widely adopted in continuous-variable quantum key distribution for high-rate field measurement quadratures. Besides that, those detection schemes have been being implemented for single-photon statistics characterization in the field of quantum tomography. In this work, we propose a discrete-variable quantum key distribution (DV-QKD) implementation that combines the use of phase modulators for high-speed state of polarization (SOP) generation, with a conjugate homodyne detection scheme which enables the deployment of high speed QKD systems. The channel discretization relies on the application of a detection threshold that allows to map the measured voltages as a click or no-click. Our scheme relies also on the use of a time-multiplexed pilot tone—quantum signal architecture which enables the use of a Bob locally generated local oscillator and opens the door to an effective polarization drift compensation scheme. Besides that, our results shows that for higher detection threshold values we obtain a very low quantum bit error rate (QBER) on the sifted key. Nevertheless, due to huge number of discarded qubits the obtained secure key length abruptly decreases. From our results, we observe that optimizing the detection threshold and considering a system operating at 500 MHz symbol generation clock, a secure key rate of approximately 46.9 Mbps, with a sifted QBER of $$1.5\%$$ over 40 km of optical fiber. This considering the error correction and privacy amplification steps necessary to obtain a final secure key.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10181-4
- https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10181-4.pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 13
- References
- 73
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4223499611
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4223499611Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10181-4Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Polarization based discrete variables quantum key distribution via conjugated homodyne detectionWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2022Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2022-04-12Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Mariana F. Ramos, Armando N. Pinto, Nuno A. SilvaList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10181-4Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10181-4.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10181-4.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Quantum key distribution, Homodyne detection, Polarization (electrochemistry), Direct-conversion receiver, Quantum, Continuous variable, Key (lock), Computer science, Physics, Statistical physics, Optics, Quantum mechanics, Mathematics, Computer security, Statistics, Chemistry, Physical chemistryTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
13Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 5, 2024: 2, 2023: 5, 2022: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
73Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4223499611 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10181-4 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10181-4 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35414093 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4223499611 |
| fwci | 2.54538466 |
| type | article |
| title | Polarization based discrete variables quantum key distribution via conjugated homodyne detection |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G6632965045 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320334779 |
| awards[0].display_name | Generation of prime numbers enabled by quantum technologies for cryptographic applications |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | PTDC/EEI-TEL/8017/2020 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia |
| awards[1].id | https://openalex.org/G377718555 |
| awards[1].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320335322 |
| awards[1].display_name | |
| awards[1].funder_award_id | POCI-01-0247-FEDER-039728 |
| awards[1].funder_display_name | European Regional Development Fund |
| awards[2].id | https://openalex.org/G3861076500 |
| awards[2].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320334779 |
| awards[2].display_name | |
| awards[2].funder_award_id | SFRH/BD/145670/2019 |
| awards[2].funder_display_name | Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia |
| biblio.issue | 1 |
| biblio.volume | 12 |
| biblio.last_page | 6135 |
| biblio.first_page | 6135 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10020 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| topics[0].display_name | Quantum Information and Cryptography |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10682 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9939000010490417 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| topics[1].display_name | Quantum Computing Algorithms and Architecture |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10622 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Physics and Astronomy |
| topics[2].score | 0.9915000200271606 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3107 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics |
| topics[2].display_name | Quantum Mechanics and Applications |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320334779 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/00snfqn58 |
| funders[0].display_name | Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia |
| funders[1].id | https://openalex.org/F4320335322 |
| funders[1].ror | https://ror.org/00k4n6c32 |
| funders[1].display_name | European Regional Development Fund |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1890 |
| apc_list.currency | EUR |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2190 |
| apc_paid.value | 1890 |
| apc_paid.currency | EUR |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2190 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C95466800 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.8719005584716797 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1027298 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Quantum key distribution |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C2778184138 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7489719390869141 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1626181 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Homodyne detection |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C205049153 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5504207015037537 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Polarization (electrochemistry) |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C26351279 |
| concepts[3].level | 3 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5241991281509399 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1227627 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Direct-conversion receiver |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C84114770 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.4337385594844818 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46344 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Quantum |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C2983394010 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.43333899974823 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19885330 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Continuous variable |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C26517878 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.42529845237731934 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Key (lock) |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[7].level | 0 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.3860380947589874 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[8].level | 0 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.3540197014808655 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C121864883 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.3296523690223694 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Statistical physics |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C120665830 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.22631821036338806 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Optics |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C62520636 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.20257365703582764 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Quantum mechanics |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C33923547 |
| concepts[12].level | 0 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.16372445225715637 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Mathematics |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C38652104 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.14825022220611572 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Computer security |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C105795698 |
| concepts[14].level | 1 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.13907864689826965 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Statistics |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C185592680 |
| concepts[15].level | 0 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.12279558181762695 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Chemistry |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C147789679 |
| concepts[16].level | 1 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Physical chemistry |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-key-distribution |
| keywords[0].score | 0.8719005584716797 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Quantum key distribution |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/homodyne-detection |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7489719390869141 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Homodyne detection |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5504207015037537 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Polarization (electrochemistry) |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/direct-conversion-receiver |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5241991281509399 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Direct-conversion receiver |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum |
| keywords[4].score | 0.4337385594844818 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Quantum |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-variable |
| keywords[5].score | 0.43333899974823 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Continuous variable |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/key |
| keywords[6].score | 0.42529845237731934 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Key (lock) |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[7].score | 0.3860380947589874 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[8].score | 0.3540197014808655 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics |
| keywords[9].score | 0.3296523690223694 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Statistical physics |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/optics |
| keywords[10].score | 0.22631821036338806 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Optics |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics |
| keywords[11].score | 0.20257365703582764 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Quantum mechanics |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics |
| keywords[12].score | 0.16372445225715637 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Mathematics |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security |
| keywords[13].score | 0.14825022220611572 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Computer security |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics |
| keywords[14].score | 0.13907864689826965 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Statistics |
| keywords[15].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry |
| keywords[15].score | 0.12279558181762695 |
| keywords[15].display_name | Chemistry |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10181-4 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S196734849 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2045-2322 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2045-2322 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Scientific Reports |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319908 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Nature Portfolio |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319908, https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Nature Portfolio, Springer Nature |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10181-4.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Scientific Reports |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10181-4 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:35414093 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Scientific reports |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35414093 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:9a4fc885918e4053954843f1f191b37a |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[2].license | cc-by-sa |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | article |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Scientific Reports, Vol 12, Iss 1, Pp 1-13 (2022) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/9a4fc885918e4053954843f1f191b37a |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9005737 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[3].license | other-oa |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | Text |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | Sci Rep |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9005737 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5074264199 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7481-6043 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Mariana F. Ramos |
| authorships[0].countries | PT |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210120471, https://openalex.org/I60858718 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Instituto de Telecomunicações, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210120471 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02ht4fk33 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210120471 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | PT |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Instituto de Telecomunicações |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I60858718 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00nt41z93 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I60858718 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | PT |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | University of Aveiro |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Mariana F. Ramos |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Instituto de Telecomunicações, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5076838839 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2101-5896 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Armando N. Pinto |
| authorships[1].countries | PT |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210120471, https://openalex.org/I60858718 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Instituto de Telecomunicações, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210120471 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02ht4fk33 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210120471 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | PT |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Instituto de Telecomunicações |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I60858718 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00nt41z93 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I60858718 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | PT |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | University of Aveiro |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Armando N. Pinto |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Instituto de Telecomunicações, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100451492 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6309-6818 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Nuno A. Silva |
| authorships[2].countries | PT |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210120471, https://openalex.org/I60858718 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Instituto de Telecomunicações, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210120471 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02ht4fk33 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210120471 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | PT |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Instituto de Telecomunicações |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I60858718 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00nt41z93 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I60858718 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].country_code | PT |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].display_name | University of Aveiro |
| authorships[2].author_position | last |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Nuno A. Silva |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Instituto de Telecomunicações, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10181-4.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Polarization based discrete variables quantum key distribution via conjugated homodyne detection |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10020 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Computer Science |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| primary_topic.display_name | Quantum Information and Cryptography |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2084259546, https://openalex.org/W1974753956, https://openalex.org/W2037935301, https://openalex.org/W2024923816, https://openalex.org/W2981825965, https://openalex.org/W2015793188, https://openalex.org/W4385065708, https://openalex.org/W4321264582, https://openalex.org/W50734918, https://openalex.org/W2974630428 |
| cited_by_count | 13 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 5 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 5 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 4 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10181-4 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S196734849 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2045-2322 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2045-2322 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Scientific Reports |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319908 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Nature Portfolio |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319908, https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Nature Portfolio, Springer Nature |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10181-4.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Scientific Reports |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10181-4 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1038/s41598-022-10181-4 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S196734849 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2045-2322 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2045-2322 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Scientific Reports |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319908 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Nature Portfolio |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319908, https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Nature Portfolio, Springer Nature |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-10181-4.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Scientific Reports |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-10181-4 |
| publication_date | 2022-04-12 |
| publication_year | 2022 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2898395376, https://openalex.org/W2963490414, https://openalex.org/W2896604491, https://openalex.org/W3004357554, https://openalex.org/W3215160082, https://openalex.org/W2259494643, https://openalex.org/W2948602808, https://openalex.org/W6774186525, https://openalex.org/W2849152050, https://openalex.org/W2410492503, https://openalex.org/W2131705908, https://openalex.org/W2549976854, https://openalex.org/W2974536296, https://openalex.org/W2986325278, https://openalex.org/W3147094296, https://openalex.org/W3148407875, https://openalex.org/W3152708735, https://openalex.org/W3167713705, https://openalex.org/W3128601544, https://openalex.org/W3175461446, https://openalex.org/W4205938675, https://openalex.org/W6806021297, https://openalex.org/W2015533198, https://openalex.org/W3154298282, https://openalex.org/W3211958852, https://openalex.org/W3000413142, https://openalex.org/W3085266931, https://openalex.org/W6601144205, https://openalex.org/W4285519747, https://openalex.org/W3047667245, https://openalex.org/W4206446785, https://openalex.org/W3038067977, https://openalex.org/W1104989598, https://openalex.org/W6627217448, https://openalex.org/W1817389122, https://openalex.org/W3036308535, https://openalex.org/W4206944044, https://openalex.org/W3045856815, https://openalex.org/W2106372340, https://openalex.org/W2149344243, https://openalex.org/W2072967479, https://openalex.org/W2081887595, https://openalex.org/W2286188398, https://openalex.org/W2980914848, https://openalex.org/W3150011778, https://openalex.org/W2047463679, https://openalex.org/W1997036029, https://openalex.org/W2786083435, https://openalex.org/W3205072932, https://openalex.org/W4388394692, https://openalex.org/W2118856471, https://openalex.org/W2760619832, https://openalex.org/W2126364210, https://openalex.org/W3098496730, https://openalex.org/W1990136596, https://openalex.org/W3096220294, https://openalex.org/W2489248702, https://openalex.org/W2074134486, https://openalex.org/W3001324948, https://openalex.org/W2542738598, https://openalex.org/W2472755367, https://openalex.org/W3006889293, https://openalex.org/W3205271009, https://openalex.org/W3086161876, https://openalex.org/W3141655759, https://openalex.org/W3104191327, https://openalex.org/W3135625409, https://openalex.org/W3103718291, https://openalex.org/W3008629526, https://openalex.org/W854366427, https://openalex.org/W3098944807, https://openalex.org/W4379508048, https://openalex.org/W3106136072 |
| referenced_works_count | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 41, 63, 85, 96, 108, 119, 149, 188, 197, 206, 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.40 | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 7, 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.km | 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 33, 52, 58, 72, 84, 107, 118, 166, 201, 209, 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 81, 104, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 90, 129, 163, 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 39, 147, 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.500 | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Bob | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MHz | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Our | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.QKD | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 125, 186, 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bit | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.due | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 12, 26, 55, 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.key | 10, 44, 172, 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.map | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.our | 138, 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 31, 50, 70, 82, 92, 105, 116, 127, 158, 169, 183, 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use | 51, 106, 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.46.9 | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.From | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.QBER | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.door | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.huge | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.key. | 160, 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rate | 155, 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 48, 88, 141, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.very | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 62, 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(SOP) | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Mbps, | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.being | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.click | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.drift | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.error | 154, 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.field | 14, 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.final | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.local | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.opens | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phase | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pilot | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shows | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.speed | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.state | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.steps | 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that, | 18, 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.those | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 68, 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.work, | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(QBER) | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.allows | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clock, | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fiber. | 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.length | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.number | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.obtain | 148, 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.qubits | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relies | 80, 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scheme | 67, 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.secure | 171, 198, 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sifted | 159, 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.signal | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.symbol | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.values | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.widely | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Besides | 17, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Optical | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adopted | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.channel | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enables | 69, 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.locally | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.observe | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optical | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.privacy | 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.propose | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quantum | 9, 34, 43, 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scheme. | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.schemes | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(DV-QKD) | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.abruptly | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.combines | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.homodyne | 2, 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measured | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.obtained | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results, | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems. | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.voltages | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.$$1.5\%$$ | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.<mml:math | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conjugate | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detection | 3, 20, 66, 86, 144, 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discarded | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effective | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generated | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high-rate | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.necessary | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.no-click. | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operating | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.threshold | 87, 145, 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.correction | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decreases. | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deployment | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generation | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high-speed | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modulators | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimizing | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.oscillator | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.statistics | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.application | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considering | 187, 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generation, | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implemented | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measurement | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tomography. | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.architecture | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compensation | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distribution | 11, 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.polarization | 59, 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quadratures. | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Nevertheless, | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.amplification | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approximately | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.single-photon | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discretization | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implementation | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tone—quantum | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characterization | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time-multiplexed | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discrete-variable | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.continuous-variable | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1.5</mml:mn><mml:mo>%</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math> | 212 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 98 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5074264199 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 3 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210120471, https://openalex.org/I60858718 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.4099999964237213 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Affordable and clean energy |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.87543586 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |