Pooled Rideshare in the U.S.: An Exploratory Study of User Preferences Article Swipe
Rakesh Gangadharaiah
,
Johnell O. Brooks
,
Lisa Boor
,
Kristin Kolodge
,
Haotian Su
,
Yunyi Jia
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7020044
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7020044
Pooled ridesharing offers on-demand, one-way, cost-effective transportation for passengers traveling in similar directions via a shared vehicle ride with others they do not know. Despite its potential benefits, the adoption of pooled rideshare remains low in the United States. This exploratory study aims to evaluate potential service improvements and features that may increase users’ willingness to adopt the service. The study analyzed transportation behaviors, rideshare preferences, and willingness to adopt pooled rideshare services among 8296 U.S. participants in 2025, building on findings from a 2021 nationwide survey of 5385 U.S. participants. The study incorporated 77 actionable items developed from the results of the 2021 survey to assess whether addressing specific user-generated topics such as safety, reliability, convenience, and privacy can improve pooled rideshare use. A side-by-side comparison of the 2021 and 2025 data revealed shifts in transportation behavior, with personal rideshare usage increasing from 22% to 28%, public transportation from 21% to 27%, and pooled rideshare from 6% to 8%, while personal vehicle (79%) use remained dominant. Participants rated features such as driver verification (94%), vehicle information (93%), peak time reliability (93%), and saving time and money (92–93%) as most important for improving rideshare services. A pre-to-post analysis of willingness to use pooled rideshare utilizing the actionable items as per respondents’ preferences showed improvement: “definitely will” increased from 15.9% to 20.1% and “probably will” rose from 35.6% to 47.7%. These results suggest that well-targeted service improvements may meaningfully enhance pooled rideshare acceptance. This study offers practical guidance for Transportation Network Companies (TNCs) and policymakers aiming to improve pooled rideshare as well as potential future research opportunities.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7020044
- https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8921/7/2/44/pdf?version=1746786723
- OA Status
- gold
- References
- 46
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4410236071
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
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https://openalex.org/W4410236071Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7020044Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Pooled Rideshare in the U.S.: An Exploratory Study of User PreferencesWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2025Year of publication
- Publication date
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2025-05-09Full publication date if available
- Authors
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Rakesh Gangadharaiah, Johnell O. Brooks, Lisa Boor, Kristin Kolodge, Haotian Su, Yunyi JiaList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/vehicles7020044Publisher landing page
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https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8921/7/2/44/pdf?version=1746786723Direct link to full text PDF
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://www.mdpi.com/2624-8921/7/2/44/pdf?version=1746786723Direct OA link when available
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Exploratory research, Engineering, Sociology, Social scienceTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
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0Total citation count in OpenAlex
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.of | 30, 87, 101, 127, 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 43, 55, 68, 105, 145, 151, 158, 200, 219, 227, 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.21% | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.22% | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.8%, | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 59, 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 48, 66, 117, 130, 153, 182, 185, 221, 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 7, 191, 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.its | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.may | 51, 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.per | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 28, 36, 57, 99, 102, 128, 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use | 164, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.via | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2021 | 84, 103, 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2025 | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.27%, | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.28%, | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.5385 | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.8296 | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 39, 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.U.S. | 75, 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aims | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 82, 98, 143, 149, 156, 217, 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.most | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.peak | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ride | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rose | 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.such | 112, 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 50, 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.they | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time | 179, 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use. | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well | 260 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 18, 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(79%) | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.15.9% | 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.20.1% | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2025, | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.35.6% | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.These | 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adopt | 56, 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.among | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.items | 96, 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.know. | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.money | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rated | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 41, 60, 92, 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.usage | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(93%), | 177, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(94%), | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(TNCs) | 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.47.7%. | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Pooled | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.United | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aiming | 254 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assess | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.driver | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.future | 263 |
| abstract_inverted_index.offers | 2, 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.others | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pooled | 31, 70, 121, 154, 202, 239, 257 |
| abstract_inverted_index.public | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.saving | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shared | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shifts | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.showed | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.survey | 86, 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.topics | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Despite | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Network | 249 |
| abstract_inverted_index.States. | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enhance | 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improve | 120, 256 |
| abstract_inverted_index.privacy | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.remains | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 100, 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.safety, | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.service | 46, 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.similar | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suggest | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vehicle | 16, 162, 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.whether | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.will” | 215, 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adoption | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyzed | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.building | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluate | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.features | 49, 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.guidance | 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increase | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.one-way, | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.personal | 139, 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.remained | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research | 264 |
| abstract_inverted_index.revealed | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.service. | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.services | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specific | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.users’ | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Companies | 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.behavior, | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.benefits, | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.developed | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dominant. | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.important | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improving | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increased | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potential | 26, 45, 262 |
| abstract_inverted_index.practical | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rideshare | 32, 64, 71, 122, 140, 155, 193, 203, 240, 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.services. | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.traveling | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.utilizing | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(92–93%) | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.actionable | 95, 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.addressing | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.behaviors, | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comparison | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.directions | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increasing | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nationwide | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on-demand, | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.passengers | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.acceptance. | 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exploratory | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.information | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pre-to-post | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.preferences | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reliability | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ridesharing | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.willingness | 54, 67, 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.“probably | 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Participants | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.convenience, | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improvement: | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improvements | 47, 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.incorporated | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meaningfully | 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.participants | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.policymakers | 253 |
| abstract_inverted_index.preferences, | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reliability, | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.side-by-side | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.verification | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.participants. | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well-targeted | 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.“definitely | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Transportation | 248 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cost-effective | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.opportunities. | 265 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respondents’ | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transportation | 6, 62, 136, 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.user-generated | 110 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 6 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.18374896 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |