Population genetic analysis of Ophidiomyces ophidiicola, the causative agent of snake fungal disease, indicates recent introductions to the USA Article Swipe
Jason T. Ladner
,
Jonathan Palmer
,
Cassandra L. Ettinger
,
Jason Stajich
,
Terence M. Farrell
,
Brad M. Glorioso
,
Becki Lawson
,
Steven J. Price
,
Anne G. Stengle
,
Daniel A. Grear
,
Jeffrey M. Lorch
·
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.23.485546
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.23.485546
Snake fungal disease (SFD; ophidiomycosis), caused by the pathogen Ophidiomyces ophidiicola ( Oo ), has been documented in wild snakes in North America and Eurasia, and is considered an emerging disease in the eastern USA. However, a lack of historical disease data has made it challenging to determine whether Oo is a recent arrival to the USA or whether SFD emergence is due to other factors. Here, we examined the genomes of 82 Oo strains to determine the pathogen’s history in the eastern USA. Oo strains from the USA formed a clade (Clade II) distinct from European strains (Clade I), and molecular dating indicated that these clades diverged too recently (∼2,000 years ago) for transcontinental dispersal of Oo to have occurred via natural snake movements across Beringia. A lack of nonrecombinant intermediates between clonal lineages in Clade II indicates that Oo has actually been introduced multiple times to North America from an unsampled source population, and molecular dating indicates that several of these introductions occurred within the last few hundred years. Molecular dating also indicated that the most common Clade II clonal lineages have expanded recently in the USA, with time of most recent common ancestor mean estimates ranging from 1985-2007 CE. The presence of Clade II in captive snakes worldwide demonstrates a potential mechanism of introduction and highlights that additional incursions are likely unless action is taken to reduce the risk of pathogen translocation and spillover into wild snake populations.
Related Topics
Concepts
Clade
Biology
Biological dispersal
Beringia
Most recent common ancestor
Population
Zoology
Evolutionary biology
Ecology
Phylogenetics
Genetics
Demography
Gene
Arctic
Sociology
Metadata
- Type
- preprint
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.23.485546
- https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2022/03/23/2022.03.23.485546.full.pdf
- OA Status
- green
- Cited By
- 4
- References
- 66
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4220704837
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4220704837Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.23.485546Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Population genetic analysis of Ophidiomyces ophidiicola, the causative agent of snake fungal disease, indicates recent introductions to the USAWork title
- Type
-
preprintOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2022Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2022-03-23Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Jason T. Ladner, Jonathan Palmer, Cassandra L. Ettinger, Jason Stajich, Terence M. Farrell, Brad M. Glorioso, Becki Lawson, Steven J. Price, Anne G. Stengle, Daniel A. Grear, Jeffrey M. LorchList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.23.485546Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2022/03/23/2022.03.23.485546.full.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
greenOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2022/03/23/2022.03.23.485546.full.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Clade, Biology, Biological dispersal, Beringia, Most recent common ancestor, Population, Zoology, Evolutionary biology, Ecology, Phylogenetics, Genetics, Demography, Gene, Arctic, SociologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
4Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 1, 2024: 2, 2023: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
66Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4220704837 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.23.485546 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.23.485546 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4220704837 |
| fwci | 0.54661079 |
| type | preprint |
| title | Population genetic analysis of Ophidiomyces ophidiicola, the causative agent of snake fungal disease, indicates recent introductions to the USA |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | |
| biblio.last_page | |
| biblio.first_page | |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10332 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[0].score | 0.9994999766349792 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2306 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Global and Planetary Change |
| topics[0].display_name | Amphibian and Reptile Biology |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11688 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/24 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Immunology and Microbiology |
| topics[1].score | 0.9986000061035156 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2404 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Microbiology |
| topics[1].display_name | Microbial infections and disease research |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10296 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/24 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Immunology and Microbiology |
| topics[2].score | 0.9984999895095825 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2405 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Parasitology |
| topics[2].display_name | Vector-borne infectious diseases |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C44465124 |
| concepts[0].level | 4 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.9184874296188354 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q713623 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Clade |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[1].level | 0 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7527281045913696 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Biology |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C47559259 |
| concepts[2].level | 3 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.7148197293281555 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778143 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Biological dispersal |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C2781121177 |
| concepts[3].level | 3 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.6620075702667236 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190927 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Beringia |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C197583594 |
| concepts[4].level | 4 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.6158865690231323 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1052390 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Most recent common ancestor |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C2908647359 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.5690298080444336 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Population |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C90856448 |
| concepts[6].level | 1 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4188726544380188 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q431 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Zoology |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C78458016 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.41780704259872437 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Evolutionary biology |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C18903297 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.28940075635910034 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Ecology |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C90132467 |
| concepts[9].level | 3 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.28699344396591187 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q171184 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Phylogenetics |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C54355233 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.15371784567832947 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Genetics |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C149923435 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.10233190655708313 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Demography |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C104317684 |
| concepts[12].level | 2 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.09432974457740784 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Gene |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C518008717 |
| concepts[13].level | 2 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25322 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Arctic |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C144024400 |
| concepts[14].level | 0 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Sociology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/clade |
| keywords[0].score | 0.9184874296188354 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Clade |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/biology |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7527281045913696 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Biology |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/biological-dispersal |
| keywords[2].score | 0.7148197293281555 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Biological dispersal |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/beringia |
| keywords[3].score | 0.6620075702667236 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Beringia |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/most-recent-common-ancestor |
| keywords[4].score | 0.6158865690231323 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Most recent common ancestor |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/population |
| keywords[5].score | 0.5690298080444336 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Population |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/zoology |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4188726544380188 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Zoology |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/evolutionary-biology |
| keywords[7].score | 0.41780704259872437 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Evolutionary biology |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology |
| keywords[8].score | 0.28940075635910034 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Ecology |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/phylogenetics |
| keywords[9].score | 0.28699344396591187 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Phylogenetics |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/genetics |
| keywords[10].score | 0.15371784567832947 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Genetics |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/demography |
| keywords[11].score | 0.10233190655708313 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Demography |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/gene |
| keywords[12].score | 0.09432974457740784 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Gene |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485546 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306402567 |
| locations[0].source.issn | |
| locations[0].source.type | repository |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | |
| locations[0].source.is_core | False |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I2750212522 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I2750212522 |
| locations[0].license | |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2022/03/23/2022.03.23.485546.full.pdf |
| locations[0].version | acceptedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | posted-content |
| locations[0].license_id | |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | False |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.23.485546 |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5020680432 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7751-4366 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Jason T. Ladner |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I203172682 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Northern Arizona University, 395 S. Knoles Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 8600, |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I203172682 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0272j5188 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I203172682 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Northern Arizona University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Jason T. Ladner |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Northern Arizona University, 395 S. Knoles Dr, Flagstaff, AZ 8600, |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5089606692 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0929-3658 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Jonathan Palmer |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | PO Box #600, 65 Middlefield Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94306. . Current address: Genencor Technology Center, IFF, 95 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Jonathan M. Palmer |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | PO Box #600, 65 Middlefield Rd, Palo Alto, CA 94306. . Current address: Genencor Technology Center, IFF, 95 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5083483972 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7334-403X |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Cassandra L. Ettinger |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I103635307 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | University of California-Riverside, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, , |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I103635307 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03nawhv43 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I103635307 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | University of California, Riverside |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Cassandra L. Ettinger |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | University of California-Riverside, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, , |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5052869398 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7591-0020 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Jason Stajich |
| authorships[3].countries | US |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I103635307 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | University of California-Riverside, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, , |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I103635307 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03nawhv43 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I103635307 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | University of California, Riverside |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Jason E. Stajich |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | University of California-Riverside, Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, , |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5007679528 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2124-8035 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Terence M. Farrell |
| authorships[4].countries | US |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I99490713 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Stetson University, Department of Biology, 21 N. Woodland Blvd, DeLand, FL 97332, |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I99490713 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01efrfk30 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I99490713 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Stetson University |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Terence M. Farrell |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Stetson University, Department of Biology, 21 N. Woodland Blvd, DeLand, FL 97332, |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5010544180 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5400-7414 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Brad M. Glorioso |
| authorships[5].countries | US |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1286329397 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | U.S. Geological Survey - Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 7006 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1286329397 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/035a68863 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | government |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1286329397, https://openalex.org/I1335927249 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | United States Geological Survey |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Brad M. Glorioso |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | U.S. Geological Survey - Wetland and Aquatic Research Center, 700 Cajundome Blvd, Lafayette, LA 7006 |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5091062443 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1706-7140 |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Becki Lawson |
| authorships[6].countries | GB |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1321067030 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK, |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1321067030 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03px4ez74 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1321067030 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | Zoological Society of London |
| authorships[6].author_position | middle |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Becki Lawson |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regent's Park, London, NW1 4RY, UK, |
| authorships[7].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5009675946 |
| authorships[7].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2388-0579 |
| authorships[7].author.display_name | Steven J. Price |
| authorships[7].countries | US |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I143302722 |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | University of Kentucky, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, 30 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40546, |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I143302722 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02k3smh20 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I143302722 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].display_name | University of Kentucky |
| authorships[7].author_position | middle |
| authorships[7].raw_author_name | Steven J. Price |
| authorships[7].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[7].raw_affiliation_strings | University of Kentucky, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, 30 Rose Street, Lexington, KY 40546, |
| authorships[8].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5078256824 |
| authorships[8].author.orcid | |
| authorships[8].author.display_name | Anne G. Stengle |
| authorships[8].countries | US |
| authorships[8].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I20486734 |
| authorships[8].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Holyoke Community College, Division of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics, 303 Homestead Ave, Holyoke, MA 01040 USA, |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I20486734 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/026jqgj23 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I20486734 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].display_name | Holyoke Community College |
| authorships[8].author_position | middle |
| authorships[8].raw_author_name | Anne G. Stengle |
| authorships[8].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[8].raw_affiliation_strings | Holyoke Community College, Division of Science, Engineering, and Mathematics, 303 Homestead Ave, Holyoke, MA 01040 USA, |
| authorships[9].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5029018491 |
| authorships[9].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5478-1549 |
| authorships[9].author.display_name | Daniel A. Grear |
| authorships[9].countries | US |
| authorships[9].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1286329397, https://openalex.org/I4210131920 |
| authorships[9].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | U.S. Geological Survey - National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711, , |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210131920 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/038d10y34 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1286329397, https://openalex.org/I1335927249, https://openalex.org/I4210131920 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].display_name | National Wildlife Health Center |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I1286329397 |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/035a68863 |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].type | government |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1286329397, https://openalex.org/I1335927249 |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[9].institutions[1].display_name | United States Geological Survey |
| authorships[9].author_position | middle |
| authorships[9].raw_author_name | Daniel A. Grear |
| authorships[9].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[9].raw_affiliation_strings | U.S. Geological Survey - National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711, , |
| authorships[10].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5011387429 |
| authorships[10].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2239-1252 |
| authorships[10].author.display_name | Jeffrey M. Lorch |
| authorships[10].countries | US |
| authorships[10].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1286329397, https://openalex.org/I4210131920 |
| authorships[10].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | U.S. Geological Survey - National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711, , |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210131920 |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/038d10y34 |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1286329397, https://openalex.org/I1335927249, https://openalex.org/I4210131920 |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[10].institutions[0].display_name | National Wildlife Health Center |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I1286329397 |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/035a68863 |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].type | government |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1286329397, https://openalex.org/I1335927249 |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[10].institutions[1].display_name | United States Geological Survey |
| authorships[10].author_position | last |
| authorships[10].raw_author_name | Jeffrey M. Lorch |
| authorships[10].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[10].raw_affiliation_strings | U.S. Geological Survey - National Wildlife Health Center, 6006 Schroeder Road, Madison, WI 53711, , |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2022/03/23/2022.03.23.485546.full.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | green |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Population genetic analysis of Ophidiomyces ophidiicola, the causative agent of snake fungal disease, indicates recent introductions to the USA |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10332 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9994999766349792 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2306 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Global and Planetary Change |
| primary_topic.display_name | Amphibian and Reptile Biology |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W4318392812, https://openalex.org/W1972725503, https://openalex.org/W4390920798, https://openalex.org/W3016273199, https://openalex.org/W4210835571, https://openalex.org/W4307775460, https://openalex.org/W2566931918, https://openalex.org/W2376428865, https://openalex.org/W4283318849, https://openalex.org/W4220704837 |
| cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 1 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485546 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306402567 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | |
| best_oa_location.source.type | repository |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | False |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I2750212522 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I2750212522 |
| best_oa_location.license | |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2022/03/23/2022.03.23.485546.full.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | acceptedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | posted-content |
| best_oa_location.license_id | |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | False |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.23.485546 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1101/2022.03.23.485546 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306402567 |
| primary_location.source.issn | |
| primary_location.source.type | repository |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | |
| primary_location.source.is_core | False |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I2750212522 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I2750212522 |
| primary_location.license | |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2022/03/23/2022.03.23.485546.full.pdf |
| primary_location.version | acceptedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | posted-content |
| primary_location.license_id | |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | False |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.03.23.485546 |
| publication_date | 2022-03-23 |
| publication_year | 2022 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2151399155, https://openalex.org/W2150891147, https://openalex.org/W1997931340, https://openalex.org/W2032712636, https://openalex.org/W2537488217, https://openalex.org/W2621121385, https://openalex.org/W2137037625, https://openalex.org/W3156936293, https://openalex.org/W2924886534, https://openalex.org/W2110016958, https://openalex.org/W2123289506, https://openalex.org/W2064730349, https://openalex.org/W2111272682, https://openalex.org/W2102255119, https://openalex.org/W1999959871, https://openalex.org/W2799512068, https://openalex.org/W4231224950, https://openalex.org/W2536256543, https://openalex.org/W2007585821, https://openalex.org/W3168462495, https://openalex.org/W1970522723, https://openalex.org/W634610084, https://openalex.org/W1852998311, https://openalex.org/W2776138625, https://openalex.org/W2627076497, https://openalex.org/W3131379498, https://openalex.org/W3171326940, https://openalex.org/W2126898474, https://openalex.org/W2064140462, https://openalex.org/W3174291691, https://openalex.org/W2145803135, https://openalex.org/W2772276010, https://openalex.org/W2155645165, https://openalex.org/W2080873675, https://openalex.org/W1972315779, https://openalex.org/W1607379527, https://openalex.org/W2897334010, https://openalex.org/W3039951189, https://openalex.org/W3035444632, https://openalex.org/W2593645130, https://openalex.org/W3202970041, https://openalex.org/W2031308814, https://openalex.org/W2296191134, https://openalex.org/W2120607107, https://openalex.org/W2009032616, https://openalex.org/W2088563196, https://openalex.org/W2535995078, https://openalex.org/W2120902911, https://openalex.org/W1982855075, https://openalex.org/W2161745371, https://openalex.org/W2155628349, https://openalex.org/W1978164115, https://openalex.org/W2108108770, https://openalex.org/W2789843538, https://openalex.org/W2102619694, https://openalex.org/W1979835060, https://openalex.org/W2160378127, https://openalex.org/W2141052558, https://openalex.org/W2472226552, https://openalex.org/W2949867654, https://openalex.org/W2096420865, https://openalex.org/W1946252112, https://openalex.org/W2807308836, https://openalex.org/W2025021478, https://openalex.org/W1915699870, https://openalex.org/W2002858652 |
| referenced_works_count | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.( | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 37, 52, 91, 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.), | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.82 | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.II | 138, 181, 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Oo | 13, 50, 74, 85, 118, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 29, 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 18, 21, 32, 81, 136, 187, 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 27, 51, 62, 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 39, 72, 117, 130, 162, 192, 205, 216, 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 47, 55, 64, 76, 119, 148, 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CE. | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.I), | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.II) | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.SFD | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.USA | 57, 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 24, 26, 101, 156, 218, 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.due | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.few | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 15, 43, 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 8, 33, 56, 70, 78, 82, 88, 167, 177, 188, 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.too | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.via | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.USA, | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.USA. | 35, 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ago) | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 16, 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 87, 96, 151, 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 120, 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lack | 38, 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.last | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.made | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mean | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.most | 178, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.risk | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 105, 140, 160, 176, 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wild | 19, 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(SFD; | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Clade | 137, 180, 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Here, | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.North | 22, 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Snake | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clade | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.snake | 124, 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.taken | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 106, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.times | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.years | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(Clade | 93, 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.across | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.action | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.caused | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clades | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clonal | 134, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.common | 179, 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dating | 103, 158, 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.formed | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fungal | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.likely | 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recent | 53, 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reduce | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.snakes | 20, 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.source | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unless | 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.within | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.years. | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.America | 23, 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.arrival | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.captive | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disease | 3, 31, 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.eastern | 34, 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.genomes | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.history | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hundred | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.natural | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ranging | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.several | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strains | 75, 86, 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.whether | 49, 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ABSTRACT | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Eurasia, | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.European | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.actually | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ancestor | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distinct | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diverged | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emerging | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.examined | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.expanded | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factors. | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lineages | 135, 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multiple | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.occurred | 121, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pathogen | 9, 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presence | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recently | 110, 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(∼2,000 | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1985-2007 | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Beringia. | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Molecular | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determine | 48, 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dispersal | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emergence | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.estimates | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicated | 104, 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicates | 139, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mechanism | 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.molecular | 102, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.movements | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potential | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spillover | 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unsampled | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.worldwide | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.additional | 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considered | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.documented | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highlights | 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.historical | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.incursions | 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.introduced | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.challenging | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ophidiicola | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.population, | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Ophidiomyces | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrates | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.introduction | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pathogen’s | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.populations. | 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intermediates | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.introductions | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.translocation | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nonrecombinant | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ophidiomycosis), | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transcontinental | 115 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 96 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5009675946, https://openalex.org/A5010544180, https://openalex.org/A5020680432, https://openalex.org/A5011387429, https://openalex.org/A5029018491, https://openalex.org/A5091062443, https://openalex.org/A5089606692, https://openalex.org/A5007679528, https://openalex.org/A5083483972, https://openalex.org/A5078256824, https://openalex.org/A5052869398 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 11 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I103635307, https://openalex.org/I1286329397, https://openalex.org/I1321067030, https://openalex.org/I143302722, https://openalex.org/I203172682, https://openalex.org/I20486734, https://openalex.org/I4210131920, https://openalex.org/I99490713 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8799999952316284 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Life below water |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.60676151 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |