Potentially Toxic Elements in Pharmaceutical Industrial Effluents: A Review on Risk Assessment, Treatment, and Management for Human Health Article Swipe
Hussein K. Okoro
,
Muyiwa Michael Orosun
,
Faith A. Oriade
,
Tawakalit Modupe Momoh-Salami
,
Clement O. Ogunkunle
,
Adewale George Adeniyi
,
Caliphs Zvinowanda
,
Jane Catherine Ngila
·
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086974
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086974
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) are metallic chemicals with densities that are higher than that of water. Water pollution by PTEs due to the discharge of untreated pharmaceutical industrial effluents is a risk to human health and ecological integrity. The present review paper provides an overview of the threats to human health due to water contamination by PTEs such as lead, cobalt, cadmium, nickel, and arsenic originating from pharmaceutical industrial wastewater. This review reveals the associated advantages and shortcomings of the outmoded and the modern methods and the challenges involved in addressing the shortcomings. Additionally, due to the increasing amount of uncontrollable pharmaceutical effluents entering the ecosystem, this paper reviewed the management approach supported by the World Health Organization and the Environmental Protection Agency. Studies revealed that PTEs find their way into human bodies through different pathways, which include drinking water, edibles, and dermal vulnerability at intervals. This paper focuses on how pharmaceutical effluents can be handled and how regulations and strategies can be reinforced step by step. To preserve public health and the environment, a comprehensive study on the environmental evaluation of carcinogenic substances, particularly toxic elements and metalloids, should be supported and advocated. To protect living organisms and the welfare of consumers, efforts should be made to reduce the presence of potentially hazardous elements on land and water.
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Metadata
- Type
- review
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086974
- https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/8/6974/pdf?version=1682056539
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 34
- References
- 68
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
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All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
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https://openalex.org/W4366773681Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086974Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Potentially Toxic Elements in Pharmaceutical Industrial Effluents: A Review on Risk Assessment, Treatment, and Management for Human HealthWork title
- Type
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reviewOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2023Year of publication
- Publication date
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2023-04-21Full publication date if available
- Authors
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Hussein K. Okoro, Muyiwa Michael Orosun, Faith A. Oriade, Tawakalit Modupe Momoh-Salami, Clement O. Ogunkunle, Adewale George Adeniyi, Caliphs Zvinowanda, Jane Catherine NgilaList of authors in order
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https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086974Publisher landing page
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https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/8/6974/pdf?version=1682056539Direct link to full text PDF
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goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/8/6974/pdf?version=1682056539Direct OA link when available
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Human health, Hazardous waste, Effluent, Environmental planning, Environmental science, Business, Environmental protection, Risk analysis (engineering), Waste management, Environmental engineering, Environmental health, Engineering, MedicineTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
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34Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2025: 17, 2024: 13, 2023: 4Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
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68Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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