Promoting Public Health with Blunt Instruments: Evidence from Vaccine Mandates Article Swipe

PDF

Rahi Abouk , John Earle , Johanna Catherine Maclean , Sungbin Park ·

YOU? · · 2024 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286

We study the effect of mandates requiring COVID-19 vaccination among healthcare industry workers adopted in 2021 in the United States.There are long-standing worker shortages in the U.S. healthcare industry, pre-dating the COVID-19 pandemic.The impact of COVID-19 vaccine mandates on shortages is ex ante ambiguous.If mandates increase perceived safety of the healthcare industry, marginal workers may be drawn to healthcare, relaxing shortages.On the other hand, if marginal workers are vaccine hesitant or averse, then mandates may push workers away from the industry and exacerbate shortages.We combine monthly data from the Current Population Survey 2021 to 2022 with difference-in-differences methods to study the effects of state vaccine mandates on the probability of working in healthcare, and of employment transitions into and out of the industry.Our findings suggest that vaccine mandates may have worsened healthcare workforce shortages: following adoption of a state-level mandate, the probability of working in the healthcare industry declines by 6%.Effects are larger among workers in healthcare-specific occupations, who leave the industry at higher rates in response to mandates and are slower to be replaced than workers in non-healthcare occupations.Findings suggest trade-offs faced by health policymakers seeking to achieve multiple health objectives.

Related Topics

James Blunt Discography

Concepts

Blunt Public health Political science Business Medicine Nursing Surgery

Metadata

Type: report
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286
PDF: https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286
OA Status: gold
Cited By: 4
References: 89
Related Works: 10
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4393372152

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4393372152

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286

Digital Object Identifier
Title: Promoting Public Health with Blunt Instruments: Evidence from Vaccine Mandates

Work title
Type: report

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2024

Year of publication
Publication date: 2024-03-01

Full publication date if available
Authors: Rahi Abouk, John Earle, Johanna Catherine Maclean, Sungbin Park

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286

Publisher landing page
PDF URL: https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286

Direct link to full text PDF
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: gold

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286

Direct OA link when available
Concepts: Blunt, Public health, Political science, Business, Medicine, Nursing, Surgery

Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
Cited by: 4

Total citation count in OpenAlex
Citations by year (recent): 2025: 2, 2024: 2

Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
References (count): 89

Number of works referenced by this work
Related works (count): 10

Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W4393372152
doi	https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W4393372152
fwci
type	report
title	Promoting Public Health with Blunt Instruments: Evidence from Vaccine Mandates
biblio.issue
biblio.volume
biblio.last_page
biblio.first_page
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T11711
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/20
topics[0].field.display_name	Economics, Econometrics and Finance
topics[0].score	0.7556999921798706
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/2
topics[0].domain.display_name	Social Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2002
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Economics and Econometrics
topics[0].display_name	COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts
topics[1].id	https://openalex.org/T13718
topics[1].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/33
topics[1].field.display_name	Social Sciences
topics[1].score	0.6705999970436096
topics[1].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/2
topics[1].domain.display_name	Social Sciences
topics[1].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3312
topics[1].subfield.display_name	Sociology and Political Science
topics[1].display_name	Media Influence and Politics
is_xpac	False
apc_list
apc_paid
concepts[0].id	https://openalex.org/C105698618
concepts[0].level	2
concepts[0].score	0.6487043499946594
concepts[0].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q886371
concepts[0].display_name	Blunt
concepts[1].id	https://openalex.org/C138816342
concepts[1].level	2
concepts[1].score	0.5220905542373657
concepts[1].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603
concepts[1].display_name	Public health
concepts[2].id	https://openalex.org/C17744445
concepts[2].level	0
concepts[2].score	0.37465351819992065
concepts[2].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442
concepts[2].display_name	Political science
concepts[3].id	https://openalex.org/C144133560
concepts[3].level	0
concepts[3].score	0.35759928822517395
concepts[3].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453
concepts[3].display_name	Business
concepts[4].id	https://openalex.org/C71924100
concepts[4].level	0
concepts[4].score	0.2776559889316559
concepts[4].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190
concepts[4].display_name	Medicine
concepts[5].id	https://openalex.org/C159110408
concepts[5].level	1
concepts[5].score	0.13116908073425293
concepts[5].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176
concepts[5].display_name	Nursing
concepts[6].id	https://openalex.org/C141071460
concepts[6].level	1
concepts[6].score	0.0
concepts[6].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821
concepts[6].display_name	Surgery
keywords[0].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/blunt
keywords[0].score	0.6487043499946594
keywords[0].display_name	Blunt
keywords[1].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health
keywords[1].score	0.5220905542373657
keywords[1].display_name	Public health
keywords[2].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science
keywords[2].score	0.37465351819992065
keywords[2].display_name	Political science
keywords[3].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/business
keywords[3].score	0.35759928822517395
keywords[3].display_name	Business
keywords[4].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine
keywords[4].score	0.2776559889316559
keywords[4].display_name	Medicine
keywords[5].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing
keywords[5].score	0.13116908073425293
keywords[5].display_name	Nursing
language	en
locations[0].id	doi:10.3386/w32286
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source
locations[0].license
locations[0].pdf_url	https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286
locations[0].version	publishedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	report
locations[0].license_id
locations[0].is_accepted	True
locations[0].is_published	True
locations[0].raw_source_name
locations[0].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286
indexed_in	crossref
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5058770372
authorships[0].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8920-4055
authorships[0].author.display_name	Rahi Abouk
authorships[0].countries	US
authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	University Department of Economics, Finance, and Global Business 300 Pompton Road Wayne, NJ 07470
authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I1321305853
authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string	NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138
authorships[0].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string	University Schar School of Policy and Government 3351 Fairfax Drive, MS 3B1 Arlington VA 22201
authorships[0].affiliations[3].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[0].affiliations[3].raw_affiliation_string	Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Mason Square Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201
authorships[0].affiliations[4].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[0].affiliations[4].raw_affiliation_string	Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201
authorships[0].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[0].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/02jqj7156
authorships[0].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code	US
authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name	George Mason University
authorships[0].institutions[1].id	https://openalex.org/I1321305853
authorships[0].institutions[1].ror	https://ror.org/04grmx538
authorships[0].institutions[1].type	nonprofit
authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage	https://openalex.org/I1321305853
authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code	US
authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name	National Bureau of Economic Research
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Rahi Abouk
authorships[0].is_corresponding	False
authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings	NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138, Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Mason Square Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201, Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201, University Department of Economics, Finance, and Global Business 300 Pompton Road Wayne, NJ 07470, University Schar School of Policy and Government 3351 Fairfax Drive, MS 3B1 Arlington VA 22201
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5094294616
authorships[1].author.orcid
authorships[1].author.display_name	John Earle
authorships[1].countries	US
authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	University Department of Economics, Finance, and Global Business 300 Pompton Road Wayne, NJ 07470
authorships[1].affiliations[1].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I1321305853
authorships[1].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string	NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138
authorships[1].affiliations[2].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[1].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string	Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201
authorships[1].affiliations[3].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[1].affiliations[3].raw_affiliation_string	Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Mason Square Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201
authorships[1].affiliations[4].raw_affiliation_string	University Schar School of Policy and Government 3351 Fairfax Drive, MS 3B1 Arlington VA 22201
authorships[1].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[1].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/02jqj7156
authorships[1].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code	US
authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name	George Mason University
authorships[1].institutions[1].id	https://openalex.org/I1321305853
authorships[1].institutions[1].ror	https://ror.org/04grmx538
authorships[1].institutions[1].type	nonprofit
authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage	https://openalex.org/I1321305853
authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code	US
authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name	National Bureau of Economic Research
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	John Earle
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings	NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138, Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Mason Square Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201, Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201, University Department of Economics, Finance, and Global Business 300 Pompton Road Wayne, NJ 07470, University Schar School of Policy and Government 3351 Fairfax Drive, MS 3B1 Arlington VA 22201
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5010232474
authorships[2].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8581-0672
authorships[2].author.display_name	Johanna Catherine Maclean
authorships[2].countries	US
authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201
authorships[2].affiliations[1].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[2].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string	Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Mason Square Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201
authorships[2].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string	University Department of Economics, Finance, and Global Business 300 Pompton Road Wayne, NJ 07470
authorships[2].affiliations[3].raw_affiliation_string	University Schar School of Policy and Government 3351 Fairfax Drive, MS 3B1 Arlington VA 22201
authorships[2].affiliations[4].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I1321305853
authorships[2].affiliations[4].raw_affiliation_string	NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138
authorships[2].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[2].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/02jqj7156
authorships[2].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code	US
authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name	George Mason University
authorships[2].institutions[1].id	https://openalex.org/I1321305853
authorships[2].institutions[1].ror	https://ror.org/04grmx538
authorships[2].institutions[1].type	nonprofit
authorships[2].institutions[1].lineage	https://openalex.org/I1321305853
authorships[2].institutions[1].country_code	US
authorships[2].institutions[1].display_name	National Bureau of Economic Research
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	Johanna Catherine Maclean
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings	NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138, Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Mason Square Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201, Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201, University Department of Economics, Finance, and Global Business 300 Pompton Road Wayne, NJ 07470, University Schar School of Policy and Government 3351 Fairfax Drive, MS 3B1 Arlington VA 22201
authorships[3].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5101387360
authorships[3].author.orcid
authorships[3].author.display_name	Sungbin Park
authorships[3].countries	US
authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	University Schar School of Policy and Government 3351 Fairfax Drive, MS 3B1 Arlington VA 22201
authorships[3].affiliations[1].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[3].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string	Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201
authorships[3].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string	University Department of Economics, Finance, and Global Business 300 Pompton Road Wayne, NJ 07470
authorships[3].affiliations[3].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I1321305853
authorships[3].affiliations[3].raw_affiliation_string	NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138
authorships[3].affiliations[4].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[3].affiliations[4].raw_affiliation_string	Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Mason Square Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201
authorships[3].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[3].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/02jqj7156
authorships[3].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I162714631
authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code	US
authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name	George Mason University
authorships[3].institutions[1].id	https://openalex.org/I1321305853
authorships[3].institutions[1].ror	https://ror.org/04grmx538
authorships[3].institutions[1].type	nonprofit
authorships[3].institutions[1].lineage	https://openalex.org/I1321305853
authorships[3].institutions[1].country_code	US
authorships[3].institutions[1].display_name	National Bureau of Economic Research
authorships[3].author_position	last
authorships[3].raw_author_name	Sungbin Park
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings	NATIONAL BUREAU OF ECONOMIC RESEARCH 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138, Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Mason Square Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201, Schar School of Policy and Government George Mason University Van Metre Hall 3351 Fairfax Drive Arlington, VA 22201, University Department of Economics, Finance, and Global Business 300 Pompton Road Wayne, NJ 07470, University Schar School of Policy and Government 3351 Fairfax Drive, MS 3B1 Arlington VA 22201
has_content.pdf	True
has_content.grobid_xml	True
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286
open_access.oa_status	gold
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-10T00:00:00
display_name	Promoting Public Health with Blunt Instruments: Evidence from Vaccine Mandates
has_fulltext	True
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T11711
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/20
primary_topic.field.display_name	Economics, Econometrics and Finance
primary_topic.score	0.7556999921798706
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/2
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Social Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2002
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Economics and Econometrics
primary_topic.display_name	COVID-19 Pandemic Impacts
related_works	https://openalex.org/W2748952813, https://openalex.org/W2028136570, https://openalex.org/W3216424047, https://openalex.org/W2373852300, https://openalex.org/W2122701914, https://openalex.org/W2328356935, https://openalex.org/W2385434566, https://openalex.org/W2902817523, https://openalex.org/W2478911656, https://openalex.org/W2356945512
cited_by_count	4
counts_by_year[0].year	2025
counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count	2
counts_by_year[1].year	2024
counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count	2
locations_count	1
best_oa_location.id	doi:10.3386/w32286
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source
best_oa_location.license
best_oa_location.pdf_url	https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286
best_oa_location.version	publishedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	report
best_oa_location.license_id
best_oa_location.is_accepted	True
best_oa_location.is_published	True
best_oa_location.raw_source_name
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286
primary_location.id	doi:10.3386/w32286
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source
primary_location.license
primary_location.pdf_url	https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286
primary_location.version	publishedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	report
primary_location.license_id
primary_location.is_accepted	True
primary_location.is_published	True
primary_location.raw_source_name
primary_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.3386/w32286
publication_date	2024-03-01
publication_year	2024
referenced_works	https://openalex.org/W3015369329, https://openalex.org/W6775898522, https://openalex.org/W2957497176, https://openalex.org/W4323812106, https://openalex.org/W4375861083, https://openalex.org/W3154874915, https://openalex.org/W6635304507, https://openalex.org/W6779856321, https://openalex.org/W4206426321, https://openalex.org/W4221064617, https://openalex.org/W4291167906, https://openalex.org/W4214762293, https://openalex.org/W3118680547, https://openalex.org/W3030900705, https://openalex.org/W3025947019, https://openalex.org/W6775489571, https://openalex.org/W2795047867, https://openalex.org/W4291449534, https://openalex.org/W4388407373, https://openalex.org/W6888010739, https://openalex.org/W3019713972, https://openalex.org/W2143531251, https://openalex.org/W2791859701, https://openalex.org/W2141186880, https://openalex.org/W1975501634, https://openalex.org/W4282912904, https://openalex.org/W3120068033, https://openalex.org/W4307728568, https://openalex.org/W3012960944, https://openalex.org/W3209486726, https://openalex.org/W2340009796, https://openalex.org/W6673034918, https://openalex.org/W3111674506, https://openalex.org/W4200171498, https://openalex.org/W3125386261, https://openalex.org/W2939894955, https://openalex.org/W3035550116, https://openalex.org/W3042285009, https://openalex.org/W4288969535, https://openalex.org/W4288699367, https://openalex.org/W3062105542, https://openalex.org/W4280543231, https://openalex.org/W2153726313, https://openalex.org/W4391283756, https://openalex.org/W6729803911, https://openalex.org/W3045786617, https://openalex.org/W2509114616, https://openalex.org/W3094371387, https://openalex.org/W4372318614, https://openalex.org/W2891445448, https://openalex.org/W6906648612, https://openalex.org/W2003015733, https://openalex.org/W3114850037, https://openalex.org/W4391263467, https://openalex.org/W6636469374, https://openalex.org/W2099514322, https://openalex.org/W3005451733, https://openalex.org/W3146229572, https://openalex.org/W2911242397, https://openalex.org/W2101858131, https://openalex.org/W4236898600, https://openalex.org/W1593867598, https://openalex.org/W3121969379, https://openalex.org/W3161676218, https://openalex.org/W4234117216, https://openalex.org/W2917960520, https://openalex.org/W3042319880, https://openalex.org/W3201894066, https://openalex.org/W2546821105, https://openalex.org/W1606863616, https://openalex.org/W2038638384, https://openalex.org/W3168982875, https://openalex.org/W3122657973, https://openalex.org/W3127519207, https://openalex.org/W3143470885, https://openalex.org/W4246630911, https://openalex.org/W4229913394, https://openalex.org/W3013698566, https://openalex.org/W4293210260, https://openalex.org/W4212970211, https://openalex.org/W2979586175, https://openalex.org/W2726820872, https://openalex.org/W3014869459, https://openalex.org/W3123629788, https://openalex.org/W2088869467, https://openalex.org/W3152792377, https://openalex.org/W3123096319, https://openalex.org/W4224051135, https://openalex.org/W4225751474
referenced_works_count	89
abstract_inverted_index.a	137
abstract_inverted_index.We	0
abstract_inverted_index.at	162
abstract_inverted_index.be	55, 173
abstract_inverted_index.by	149, 183
abstract_inverted_index.ex	41
abstract_inverted_index.if	64
abstract_inverted_index.in	14, 16, 24, 111, 144, 155, 165, 177
abstract_inverted_index.is	40
abstract_inverted_index.of	4, 34, 48, 102, 109, 114, 120, 136, 142
abstract_inverted_index.on	38, 106
abstract_inverted_index.or	70
abstract_inverted_index.to	57, 93, 98, 167, 172, 187
abstract_inverted_index.and	81, 113, 118, 169
abstract_inverted_index.are	20, 67, 151, 170
abstract_inverted_index.may	54, 74, 128
abstract_inverted_index.out	119
abstract_inverted_index.the	2, 17, 25, 30, 49, 61, 79, 88, 100, 107, 121, 140, 145, 160
abstract_inverted_index.who	158
abstract_inverted_index.2021	15, 92
abstract_inverted_index.2022	94
abstract_inverted_index.U.S.	26
abstract_inverted_index.ante	42
abstract_inverted_index.away	77
abstract_inverted_index.data	86
abstract_inverted_index.from	78, 87
abstract_inverted_index.have	129
abstract_inverted_index.into	117
abstract_inverted_index.push	75
abstract_inverted_index.than	175
abstract_inverted_index.that	125
abstract_inverted_index.then	72
abstract_inverted_index.with	95
abstract_inverted_index.among	9, 153
abstract_inverted_index.drawn	56
abstract_inverted_index.faced	182
abstract_inverted_index.hand,	63
abstract_inverted_index.leave	159
abstract_inverted_index.other	62
abstract_inverted_index.rates	164
abstract_inverted_index.state	103
abstract_inverted_index.study	1, 99
abstract_inverted_index.Survey	91
abstract_inverted_index.United	18
abstract_inverted_index.effect	3
abstract_inverted_index.health	184, 190
abstract_inverted_index.higher	163
abstract_inverted_index.impact	33
abstract_inverted_index.larger	152
abstract_inverted_index.safety	47
abstract_inverted_index.slower	171
abstract_inverted_index.worker	22
abstract_inverted_index.Current	89
abstract_inverted_index.achieve	188
abstract_inverted_index.adopted	13
abstract_inverted_index.averse,	71
abstract_inverted_index.combine	84
abstract_inverted_index.effects	101
abstract_inverted_index.methods	97
abstract_inverted_index.monthly	85
abstract_inverted_index.seeking	186
abstract_inverted_index.suggest	124, 180
abstract_inverted_index.vaccine	36, 68, 104, 126
abstract_inverted_index.workers	12, 53, 66, 76, 154, 176
abstract_inverted_index.working	110, 143
abstract_inverted_index.COVID-19	7, 31, 35
abstract_inverted_index.adoption	135
abstract_inverted_index.declines	148
abstract_inverted_index.findings	123
abstract_inverted_index.hesitant	69
abstract_inverted_index.increase	45
abstract_inverted_index.industry	11, 80, 147, 161
abstract_inverted_index.mandate,	139
abstract_inverted_index.mandates	5, 37, 44, 73, 105, 127, 168
abstract_inverted_index.marginal	52, 65
abstract_inverted_index.multiple	189
abstract_inverted_index.relaxing	59
abstract_inverted_index.replaced	174
abstract_inverted_index.response	166
abstract_inverted_index.worsened	130
abstract_inverted_index.following	134
abstract_inverted_index.industry,	28, 51
abstract_inverted_index.perceived	46
abstract_inverted_index.requiring	6
abstract_inverted_index.shortages	23, 39
abstract_inverted_index.workforce	132
abstract_inverted_index.6%.Effects	150
abstract_inverted_index.Population	90
abstract_inverted_index.employment	115
abstract_inverted_index.exacerbate	82
abstract_inverted_index.healthcare	10, 27, 50, 131, 146
abstract_inverted_index.pre-dating	29
abstract_inverted_index.shortages:	133
abstract_inverted_index.trade-offs	181
abstract_inverted_index.healthcare,	58, 112
abstract_inverted_index.objectives.	191
abstract_inverted_index.probability	108, 141
abstract_inverted_index.state-level	138
abstract_inverted_index.transitions	116
abstract_inverted_index.vaccination	8
abstract_inverted_index.States.There	19
abstract_inverted_index.ambiguous.If	43
abstract_inverted_index.industry.Our	122
abstract_inverted_index.occupations,	157
abstract_inverted_index.pandemic.The	32
abstract_inverted_index.policymakers	185
abstract_inverted_index.shortages.On	60
abstract_inverted_index.shortages.We	83
abstract_inverted_index.long-standing	21
abstract_inverted_index.non-healthcare	178
abstract_inverted_index.healthcare-specific	156
abstract_inverted_index.occupations.Findings	179
abstract_inverted_index.difference-in-differences	96
cited_by_percentile_year
countries_distinct_count	1
institutions_distinct_count	4
citation_normalized_percentile