Psychometric evaluation and community norms of the PHQ-9, based on a representative German sample Article Swipe
Sören Kliem
,
Cedric Sachser
,
Anna Lohmann
,
Dirk Baier
,
Elmar Brähler
,
Harald Gündel
,
Jörg M. Fegert
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1483782
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1483782
Background The Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) is a popular tool for assessing depressive symptoms in both general and clinical populations. The present study used a large representative sample of the German adult population to confirm desired psychometric functioning and to provide updated population norms. Methods The following psychometric properties were assessed: (i) Item characteristics (item means, standard deviations and inter-item correlations), (ii) Construct validity (correlations of the PHQ-9 sum-score with scores obtained from instruments assessing depression, anxiety and somatization (GAD-7, BSI-18), (iii) Internal consistency (coefficient omega), (iv) Factorial validity (via confirmatory factor analysis of the assumed one factorial model) as well as (v) Measurement invariance (via multi-group confirmatory factor analyses across gender, age, income and education). Results The study found that the PHQ-9 had sound psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency and construct validity, and that measurements obtained with the tool could be compared across gender and age. Limitations Despite using a representative sample, the response rate was only 42.6%. Furthermore, diagnostic efficiency cannot be assessed as there were no clinical interviews conducted. Conclusion: The updated population based norms, which are presented for the total sample as well as separated by gender and various age-groups, provide a useful reference for clinical practice and epidemiological research.
Related Topics
Concepts
Clinical psychology
Confirmatory factor analysis
Somatization
Construct validity
Psychology
Differential item functioning
Patient Health Questionnaire
Measurement invariance
Population
Psychometrics
Sample (material)
Anxiety
Criterion validity
Item response theory
Medicine
Psychiatry
Structural equation modeling
Statistics
Depressive symptoms
Chromatography
Chemistry
Environmental health
Mathematics
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1483782
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 17
- References
- 43
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4405320847
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4405320847Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1483782Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Psychometric evaluation and community norms of the PHQ-9, based on a representative German sampleWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2024-12-12Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Sören Kliem, Cedric Sachser, Anna Lohmann, Dirk Baier, Elmar Brähler, Harald Gündel, Jörg M. FegertList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1483782Publisher landing page
- Open access
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YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1483782Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
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Clinical psychology, Confirmatory factor analysis, Somatization, Construct validity, Psychology, Differential item functioning, Patient Health Questionnaire, Measurement invariance, Population, Psychometrics, Sample (material), Anxiety, Criterion validity, Item response theory, Medicine, Psychiatry, Structural equation modeling, Statistics, Depressive symptoms, Chromatography, Chemistry, Environmental health, MathematicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
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17Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
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2025: 17Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
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- Related works (count)
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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