Quadruped Robots: Bridging Mechanical Design, Control, and Applications Article Swipe
Qimeng Li
,
Franco Cicirelli
,
Andrea Vinci
,
Antonio Guerrieri
,
Wen Qi
,
Giancarlo Fortino
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14050057
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14050057
Quadruped robots have emerged as a prominent field of research due to their exceptional mobility and adaptability in complex terrains. This paper presents an overview of quadruped robots, encompassing their design principles, control mechanisms, perception systems, and applications across various industries. We review the historical evolution and technological milestones that have shaped quadruped robotics. To understand their impact on performance and functionality, key aspects of mechanical design are analyzed, including leg configurations, actuation systems, and material selection. Control strategies for locomotion, balance, and navigation are all examined, highlighting the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning to enhance adaptability and autonomy. This review also explores perception and sensing technologies that enable environmental interaction and decision-making capabilities. Furthermore, we systematically examine the diverse applications of quadruped robots in sectors including the military, search and rescue, industrial inspection, agriculture, and entertainment. Finally, we address challenges and limitations, including technical hurdles, ethical considerations, and regulatory issues, and propose future research directions to advance the field. By structuring this review as a systematic study, we ensure clarity and a comprehensive understanding of the domain, making it a valuable resource for researchers and engineers in quadruped robotics.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14050057
- https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/14/5/57/pdf?version=1745658243
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 12
- References
- 299
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4410007994
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4410007994Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14050057Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Quadruped Robots: Bridging Mechanical Design, Control, and ApplicationsWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-04-26Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Qimeng Li, Franco Cicirelli, Andrea Vinci, Antonio Guerrieri, Wen Qi, Giancarlo FortinoList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14050057Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/14/5/57/pdf?version=1745658243Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/14/5/57/pdf?version=1745658243Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Bridging (networking), Robot, Control engineering, Engineering, Computer science, Mechanical engineering, Systems engineering, Human–computer interaction, Artificial intelligence, Computer networkTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
12Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 12Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
299Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4410007994 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14050057 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14050057 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4410007994 |
| fwci | 23.9143417 |
| type | article |
| title | Quadruped Robots: Bridging Mechanical Design, Control, and Applications |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G7189647940 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | 62303187 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| awards[1].id | https://openalex.org/G4317964049 |
| awards[1].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320320300 |
| awards[1].display_name | |
| awards[1].funder_award_id | IR0000013 |
| awards[1].funder_display_name | European Commission |
| biblio.issue | 5 |
| biblio.volume | 14 |
| biblio.last_page | 57 |
| biblio.first_page | 57 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10879 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.9987999796867371 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2204 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Biomedical Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Robotic Locomotion and Control |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T12784 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.9915000200271606 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2210 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Mechanical Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Modular Robots and Swarm Intelligence |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10868 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9789000153541565 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2204 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Biomedical Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Soft Robotics and Applications |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320320300 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/00k4n6c32 |
| funders[0].display_name | European Commission |
| funders[1].id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| funders[1].ror | https://ror.org/01h0zpd94 |
| funders[1].display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1600 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1732 |
| apc_paid.value | 1600 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1732 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C174348530 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.8079327344894409 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188635 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Bridging (networking) |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C90509273 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6333985328674316 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Robot |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C133731056 |
| concepts[2].level | 1 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.47986096143722534 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4917288 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Control engineering |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[3].level | 0 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.44872891902923584 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[4].level | 0 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.40196266770362854 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C78519656 |
| concepts[5].level | 1 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.3772623836994171 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Mechanical engineering |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C201995342 |
| concepts[6].level | 1 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.3305108845233917 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Systems engineering |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C107457646 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.33004656434059143 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Human–computer interaction |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C154945302 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.24767649173736572 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C31258907 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Computer network |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/bridging |
| keywords[0].score | 0.8079327344894409 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Bridging (networking) |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/robot |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6333985328674316 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Robot |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/control-engineering |
| keywords[2].score | 0.47986096143722534 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Control engineering |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[3].score | 0.44872891902923584 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[4].score | 0.40196266770362854 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering |
| keywords[5].score | 0.3772623836994171 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Mechanical engineering |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering |
| keywords[6].score | 0.3305108845233917 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Systems engineering |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/human–computer-interaction |
| keywords[7].score | 0.33004656434059143 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Human–computer interaction |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence |
| keywords[8].score | 0.24767649173736572 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/robotics14050057 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210232487 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2218-6581 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2218-6581 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Robotics |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/14/5/57/pdf?version=1745658243 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Robotics |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14050057 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:46e95612eeb549bd886e5db81d6a0e1c |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Robotics, Vol 14, Iss 5, p 57 (2025) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/46e95612eeb549bd886e5db81d6a0e1c |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5025955059 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9216-8051 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Qimeng Li |
| authorships[0].countries | IT |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I3005160176, https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | ICAR-CNR—Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council, 87036 Rende, Italy |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I3005160176 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/04r5fge26 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I3005160176, https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/04zaypm56 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | IT |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | National Research Council |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Qimeng Li |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | ICAR-CNR—Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council, 87036 Rende, Italy |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5070083527 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6138-5739 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Franco Cicirelli |
| authorships[1].countries | IT |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I3005160176, https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | ICAR-CNR—Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council, 87036 Rende, Italy |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I3005160176 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/04r5fge26 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I3005160176, https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/04zaypm56 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | IT |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | National Research Council |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Franco Cicirelli |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | ICAR-CNR—Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council, 87036 Rende, Italy |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5071906892 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1011-1885 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Andrea Vinci |
| authorships[2].countries | IT |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I3005160176, https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | ICAR-CNR—Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council, 87036 Rende, Italy |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I3005160176 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/04r5fge26 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I3005160176, https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/04zaypm56 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].country_code | IT |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].display_name | National Research Council |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Andrea Vinci |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | ICAR-CNR—Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council, 87036 Rende, Italy |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5083611404 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1469-9484 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Antonio Guerrieri |
| authorships[3].countries | IT |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I3005160176, https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | ICAR-CNR—Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council, 87036 Rende, Italy |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I3005160176 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/04r5fge26 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I3005160176, https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/04zaypm56 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].country_code | IT |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].display_name | National Research Council |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Antonio Guerrieri |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | ICAR-CNR—Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council, 87036 Rende, Italy |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5035835836 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2091-3718 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Wen Qi |
| authorships[4].countries | CN |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I90610280 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I90610280 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0530pts50 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I90610280 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | South China University of Technology |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Wen Qi |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Future Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5023424929 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4039-891X |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Giancarlo Fortino |
| authorships[5].countries | IT |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I45204951 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computer Engineering, Modeling, Electronics, and Systems, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy |
| authorships[5].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I3005160176, https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | ICAR-CNR—Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council, 87036 Rende, Italy |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I3005160176 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/04r5fge26 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I3005160176, https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/04zaypm56 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].type | nonprofit |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210155236 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].country_code | IT |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].display_name | National Research Council |
| authorships[5].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I45204951 |
| authorships[5].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/02rc97e94 |
| authorships[5].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I45204951 |
| authorships[5].institutions[2].country_code | IT |
| authorships[5].institutions[2].display_name | University of Calabria |
| authorships[5].author_position | last |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Giancarlo Fortino |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Computer Engineering, Modeling, Electronics, and Systems, University of Calabria, 87036 Rende, Italy, ICAR-CNR—Institute for High Performance Computing and Networking, National Research Council, 87036 Rende, Italy |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/14/5/57/pdf?version=1745658243 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Quadruped Robots: Bridging Mechanical Design, Control, and Applications |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10879 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9987999796867371 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2204 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Biomedical Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Robotic Locomotion and Control |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W4408719353, https://openalex.org/W4388870064, https://openalex.org/W2210139803, https://openalex.org/W4235186151, https://openalex.org/W2054685365, https://openalex.org/W2056057048, https://openalex.org/W2667588871, https://openalex.org/W2272354214, https://openalex.org/W2084768720, https://openalex.org/W2043010663 |
| cited_by_count | 12 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 12 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/robotics14050057 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210232487 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2218-6581 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2218-6581 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Robotics |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/14/5/57/pdf?version=1745658243 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Robotics |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14050057 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/robotics14050057 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210232487 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2218-6581 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2218-6581 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Robotics |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2218-6581/14/5/57/pdf?version=1745658243 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Robotics |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/robotics14050057 |
| publication_date | 2025-04-26 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W1560270123, https://openalex.org/W3137354391, https://openalex.org/W2986783566, https://openalex.org/W2122537565, https://openalex.org/W4307815734, https://openalex.org/W4402716305, https://openalex.org/W4361858473, https://openalex.org/W4388076558, https://openalex.org/W4313856714, https://openalex.org/W4400927172, https://openalex.org/W1975230295, https://openalex.org/W3122460059, https://openalex.org/W4235414394, https://openalex.org/W1964918420, https://openalex.org/W4400727257, https://openalex.org/W4319166514, https://openalex.org/W3216131653, https://openalex.org/W3101570653, https://openalex.org/W3109424835, https://openalex.org/W3144859763, https://openalex.org/W3147577282, https://openalex.org/W4200187710, https://openalex.org/W4281926472, https://openalex.org/W4283069285, https://openalex.org/W6857564942, https://openalex.org/W4385819939, https://openalex.org/W4385748641, https://openalex.org/W4401366550, https://openalex.org/W4391446194, https://openalex.org/W4402485786, https://openalex.org/W2029058516, https://openalex.org/W3187136691, https://openalex.org/W2968213087, https://openalex.org/W2130095752, https://openalex.org/W2764255492, https://openalex.org/W2573227850, https://openalex.org/W2909553221, https://openalex.org/W6676785819, https://openalex.org/W2531596132, https://openalex.org/W2159220301, https://openalex.org/W1822001265, https://openalex.org/W4214746323, https://openalex.org/W2094496385, https://openalex.org/W2787465681, https://openalex.org/W3167801019, https://openalex.org/W4408502181, https://openalex.org/W2562726385, https://openalex.org/W4250058668, https://openalex.org/W1951089663, https://openalex.org/W2017484552, https://openalex.org/W4401322077, https://openalex.org/W3173691412, https://openalex.org/W2898417639, https://openalex.org/W4321460324, https://openalex.org/W2979924334, https://openalex.org/W3209058326, https://openalex.org/W3142099226, https://openalex.org/W2823637557, https://openalex.org/W6786827856, https://openalex.org/W3184110732, https://openalex.org/W3102444107, https://openalex.org/W3020634498, https://openalex.org/W3143213514, https://openalex.org/W3007263895, https://openalex.org/W3120628987, https://openalex.org/W3111109699, https://openalex.org/W4210938782, https://openalex.org/W3044368698, https://openalex.org/W4306898568, https://openalex.org/W4290964162, https://openalex.org/W4392867455, https://openalex.org/W4316806152, https://openalex.org/W4319990348, https://openalex.org/W4389478175, https://openalex.org/W4366364462, https://openalex.org/W4306180898, https://openalex.org/W4282559080, https://openalex.org/W4282941812, https://openalex.org/W4401696764, https://openalex.org/W4378070988, https://openalex.org/W4402206019, https://openalex.org/W3036233998, https://openalex.org/W2320153911, https://openalex.org/W2914653242, https://openalex.org/W6929801884, https://openalex.org/W4402569770, https://openalex.org/W4392982902, https://openalex.org/W2899318310, https://openalex.org/W3199827769, https://openalex.org/W2092690781, https://openalex.org/W4366827905, https://openalex.org/W3204609309, https://openalex.org/W2077002607, https://openalex.org/W2072837490, https://openalex.org/W4388430258, https://openalex.org/W4316193205, https://openalex.org/W4387516489, https://openalex.org/W2296228853, https://openalex.org/W1612997784, https://openalex.org/W2069479606, https://openalex.org/W2080823437, https://openalex.org/W4386090232, https://openalex.org/W2913921102, https://openalex.org/W3118446793, https://openalex.org/W2750751986, https://openalex.org/W2963037989, https://openalex.org/W2099940712, https://openalex.org/W1903029394, https://openalex.org/W2963881378, https://openalex.org/W3092218351, https://openalex.org/W3008115128, https://openalex.org/W1969483458, https://openalex.org/W1971086298, https://openalex.org/W2117211893, https://openalex.org/W2128990851, https://openalex.org/W2109135966, https://openalex.org/W2001381166, https://openalex.org/W4229856339, https://openalex.org/W4295009090, https://openalex.org/W1977655452, https://openalex.org/W2618530766, https://openalex.org/W2163922914, https://openalex.org/W2127578024, https://openalex.org/W3096741513, https://openalex.org/W4388755261, https://openalex.org/W2736557071, https://openalex.org/W1969366849, https://openalex.org/W2744484133, https://openalex.org/W4399919274, https://openalex.org/W6870865941, https://openalex.org/W6863105710, https://openalex.org/W4296550616, https://openalex.org/W4401694189, https://openalex.org/W2606443828, https://openalex.org/W4402726993, https://openalex.org/W4317620533, https://openalex.org/W4392365831, https://openalex.org/W4308444122, https://openalex.org/W4388895019, https://openalex.org/W1978023077, https://openalex.org/W2140790068, https://openalex.org/W6682849425, https://openalex.org/W4389666300, https://openalex.org/W2962957005, https://openalex.org/W2144587497, https://openalex.org/W3030526828, https://openalex.org/W1424654272, https://openalex.org/W4388868804, https://openalex.org/W2131505299, https://openalex.org/W4210942808, https://openalex.org/W4396910085, https://openalex.org/W2361322491, https://openalex.org/W2963268101, https://openalex.org/W4205559380, https://openalex.org/W2099019320, https://openalex.org/W2143427281, https://openalex.org/W4248056173, https://openalex.org/W1507418669, https://openalex.org/W2236233024, https://openalex.org/W1501380514, https://openalex.org/W2914836171, https://openalex.org/W2909111049, https://openalex.org/W2339027962, https://openalex.org/W1997071834, https://openalex.org/W3010621561, https://openalex.org/W4380480138, https://openalex.org/W4283788756, https://openalex.org/W4399655589, https://openalex.org/W2919115771, https://openalex.org/W2139053308, https://openalex.org/W2911087563, https://openalex.org/W2767657961, https://openalex.org/W1845972764, https://openalex.org/W2560504659, https://openalex.org/W2901402208, https://openalex.org/W2964130946, https://openalex.org/W3208223622, https://openalex.org/W2165698076, https://openalex.org/W2963184939, https://openalex.org/W2129202194, https://openalex.org/W3205520724, https://openalex.org/W2090252028, https://openalex.org/W2156174987, https://openalex.org/W2610728744, https://openalex.org/W3004647014, https://openalex.org/W2016491158, https://openalex.org/W3166238888, https://openalex.org/W4281696991, https://openalex.org/W3215584372, https://openalex.org/W2594204579, https://openalex.org/W2953624642, https://openalex.org/W4401034259, https://openalex.org/W4367019949, https://openalex.org/W4402850382, https://openalex.org/W4400255748, https://openalex.org/W3128992720, https://openalex.org/W4396833353, https://openalex.org/W4214606148, https://openalex.org/W2072931689, https://openalex.org/W4315706168, https://openalex.org/W4382699526, https://openalex.org/W3005562571, https://openalex.org/W2978506674, https://openalex.org/W6838303457, https://openalex.org/W3035300366, https://openalex.org/W2917113258, https://openalex.org/W3173267743, https://openalex.org/W2193050075, https://openalex.org/W3094094317, https://openalex.org/W2977619045, https://openalex.org/W6799517088, https://openalex.org/W2131095511, https://openalex.org/W2072575330, https://openalex.org/W3166205745, https://openalex.org/W3012097906, https://openalex.org/W2295253706, https://openalex.org/W6771949862, https://openalex.org/W2470094176, https://openalex.org/W3171189531, https://openalex.org/W3093922502, https://openalex.org/W1991951278, https://openalex.org/W4382344551, https://openalex.org/W4386542748, https://openalex.org/W2790538737, https://openalex.org/W3125925428, https://openalex.org/W2101819742, https://openalex.org/W3142421752, https://openalex.org/W4400115802, https://openalex.org/W2969111820, https://openalex.org/W4295680071, https://openalex.org/W3136025710, https://openalex.org/W4205430897, https://openalex.org/W3138748647, https://openalex.org/W2099184899, https://openalex.org/W4391741307, https://openalex.org/W3113606143, https://openalex.org/W4213107980, https://openalex.org/W4403096170, https://openalex.org/W4380924860, https://openalex.org/W3021644002, https://openalex.org/W4224990248, https://openalex.org/W2520098839, https://openalex.org/W4405130041, https://openalex.org/W6789866913, https://openalex.org/W3124199613, https://openalex.org/W4220965653, https://openalex.org/W2911753116, https://openalex.org/W6804902587, https://openalex.org/W2912473704, https://openalex.org/W3113629693, https://openalex.org/W4386097109, https://openalex.org/W4205837126, https://openalex.org/W3087336241, https://openalex.org/W4386917170, https://openalex.org/W1991506127, https://openalex.org/W4309374428, https://openalex.org/W3023953238, https://openalex.org/W6801116770, https://openalex.org/W3131138889, https://openalex.org/W3112747941, https://openalex.org/W4387742177, https://openalex.org/W3214271362, https://openalex.org/W1728600603, https://openalex.org/W2637985556, https://openalex.org/W4386919454, https://openalex.org/W6852610946, https://openalex.org/W3138047676, https://openalex.org/W2620076267, https://openalex.org/W2795590041, https://openalex.org/W3119223610, https://openalex.org/W2968790557, https://openalex.org/W3119263734, https://openalex.org/W6838980978, https://openalex.org/W4403918827, https://openalex.org/W4406754478, https://openalex.org/W4401832623, https://openalex.org/W1485306014, https://openalex.org/W4403676520, https://openalex.org/W3185942725, https://openalex.org/W2961815192, https://openalex.org/W4403063186, https://openalex.org/W4309761542, https://openalex.org/W4391968801, https://openalex.org/W3104876774, https://openalex.org/W2155007355, https://openalex.org/W3197306729, https://openalex.org/W4388237477, https://openalex.org/W3105757741, https://openalex.org/W4237311109, https://openalex.org/W3124739569, https://openalex.org/W2996926226, https://openalex.org/W4400748541, https://openalex.org/W4393445923, https://openalex.org/W3035707643, https://openalex.org/W3110867837, https://openalex.org/W4281877842, https://openalex.org/W3099548126, https://openalex.org/W2111904757, https://openalex.org/W4378471216 |
| referenced_works_count | 299 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 5, 167, 174, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.By | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.To | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 4, 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 17, 126, 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 8, 25, 64, 90, 123, 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 11, 96, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 117, 140, 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.all | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 15, 36, 46, 60, 74, 82, 93, 99, 106, 113, 132, 137, 143, 150, 153, 173, 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 67, 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.due | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 79, 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.key | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.leg | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 43, 88, 120, 129, 160, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 20, 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 2, 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 49, 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.field | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 12, 29, 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.across | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.design | 30, 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enable | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ensure | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.field. | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.future | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impact | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.making | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.review | 42, 102, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.robots | 1, 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.search | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shaped | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study, | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Control | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.address | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.advance | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aspects | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clarity | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complex | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.control | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diverse | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.domain, | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emerged | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enhance | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ethical | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.examine | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.issues, | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.machine | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.propose | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rescue, | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.robots, | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sectors | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sensing | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.various | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Finally, | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.balance, | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explores | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hurdles, | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.learning | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.material | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mobility | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.overview | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presents | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research | 9, 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resource | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems, | 35, 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.valuable | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Quadruped | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.actuation | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyzed, | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.autonomy. | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.engineers | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evolution | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.examined, | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.including | 69, 128, 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.military, | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prominent | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quadruped | 26, 52, 124, 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.robotics. | 53, 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technical | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.terrains. | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.artificial | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.challenges | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.directions | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.historical | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.industrial | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mechanical | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.milestones | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.navigation | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.perception | 34, 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regulatory | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.selection. | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strategies | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systematic | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.understand | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exceptional | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.industries. | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inspection, | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.integration | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interaction | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.locomotion, | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mechanisms, | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performance | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.principles, | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.researchers | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.structuring | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Furthermore, | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adaptability | 16, 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.agriculture, | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applications | 37, 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.encompassing | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highlighting | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intelligence | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.limitations, | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technologies | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.capabilities. | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comprehensive | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environmental | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technological | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.understanding | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.entertainment. | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.functionality, | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systematically | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.configurations, | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considerations, | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decision-making | 114 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 98 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 6 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.98944502 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | True |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |