Rare earth element recycling: a review on sustainable solutions and impacts on semiconductor and chip industries Article Swipe
Abdulhammed K. Hamzat
,
Md Shafinur Murad
,
Balakrishnan Subeshan
,
Ramazan Asmatulu
,
Eylem Asmatulu
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7
The increasing demand for rare earth elements (REEs) in advanced technologies, particularly in semiconductor and chip manufacturing, has led to rising production costs and significant environmental impacts due to the extraction and purification processes. The uneven geographical distribution of REE resources further complicates global supply chains, posing challenges for sustainable semiconductor manufacturing. In response, the recycling of REEs from end-of-life electronic products has emerged as a promising solution to address these issues. This article provides an overview of REE recycling processes in the semiconductor and chip industries, discussing the role of rare earth metals in these technologies and the importance of recycling from both economic and environmental perspectives. This article highlights various current and emerging recycling technologies, focusing on the chemical and hydrometallurgical routes, which are preferred due to their lower environmental impact. Recent research and developments in REE recycling are explored, including new manufacturing approaches that could enhance the efficiency and sustainability of these processes. This article also presents case studies of successful industrial implementations of sustainable recycling technologies, demonstrating their practical applications. Finally, the article outlines the potential for improving REE recycling in semiconductor manufacturing, emphasizing its positive impact on both the environment and the economy. It aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers, journals, and funding agencies, highlighting the significant role of REE recycling in promoting sustainable manufacturing in the semiconductor, chip, and related industries.
Related Topics
Concepts
Earth (classical element)
Semiconductor
Element (criminal law)
Chip
Semiconductor industry
Rare-earth element
Rare earth
Engineering
Mechanical engineering
Engineering physics
Materials science
Environmental science
Manufacturing engineering
Electrical engineering
Metallurgy
Political science
Physics
Mathematical physics
Law
Metadata
- Type
- review
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7
- https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7.pdf
- OA Status
- hybrid
- Cited By
- 5
- References
- 133
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4411339590
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4411339590Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Rare earth element recycling: a review on sustainable solutions and impacts on semiconductor and chip industriesWork title
- Type
-
reviewOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-06-16Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Abdulhammed K. Hamzat, Md Shafinur Murad, Balakrishnan Subeshan, Ramazan Asmatulu, Eylem AsmatuluList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Earth (classical element), Semiconductor, Element (criminal law), Chip, Semiconductor industry, Rare-earth element, Rare earth, Engineering, Mechanical engineering, Engineering physics, Materials science, Environmental science, Manufacturing engineering, Electrical engineering, Metallurgy, Political science, Physics, Mathematical physics, LawTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
5Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 5Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
133Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4411339590 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4411339590 |
| fwci | 10.78898999 |
| type | review |
| title | Rare earth element recycling: a review on sustainable solutions and impacts on semiconductor and chip industries |
| biblio.issue | 5 |
| biblio.volume | 27 |
| biblio.last_page | 3032 |
| biblio.first_page | 3009 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11091 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 1.0 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2210 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Mechanical Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Extraction and Separation Processes |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T12017 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9987000226974487 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2311 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Recycling and Waste Management Techniques |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11740 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Earth and Planetary Sciences |
| topics[2].score | 0.9747999906539917 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1906 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Geochemistry and Petrology |
| topics[2].display_name | Geochemistry and Elemental Analysis |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2490 |
| apc_list.currency | EUR |
| apc_list.value_usd | 3090 |
| apc_paid.value | 2490 |
| apc_paid.currency | EUR |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 3090 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C26148502 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.6933537125587463 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2488752 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Earth (classical element) |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C108225325 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.5468161106109619 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11456 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Semiconductor |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C200288055 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5281246304512024 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2621792 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Element (criminal law) |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C165005293 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5270605087280273 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074500 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Chip |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C2987888538 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.5053649544715881 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986369 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Semiconductor industry |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C2777615417 |
| concepts[5].level | 3 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.49926304817199707 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190444 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Rare-earth element |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C2983155866 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4980957508087158 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7294540 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Rare earth |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[7].level | 0 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.39986473321914673 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C78519656 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.34919261932373047 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Mechanical engineering |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C61696701 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.33263444900512695 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q770766 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Engineering physics |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C192562407 |
| concepts[10].level | 0 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.33173298835754395 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Materials science |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C39432304 |
| concepts[11].level | 0 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.3315966725349426 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Environmental science |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C117671659 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.31273558735847473 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11049265 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Manufacturing engineering |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C119599485 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.23296666145324707 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C191897082 |
| concepts[14].level | 1 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.2174586057662964 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11467 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Metallurgy |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C17744445 |
| concepts[15].level | 0 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.2145266830921173 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Political science |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[16].level | 0 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.14248278737068176 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C37914503 |
| concepts[17].level | 1 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Mathematical physics |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C199539241 |
| concepts[18].level | 1 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Law |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/earth |
| keywords[0].score | 0.6933537125587463 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Earth (classical element) |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor |
| keywords[1].score | 0.5468161106109619 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Semiconductor |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/element |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5281246304512024 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Element (criminal law) |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/chip |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5270605087280273 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Chip |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/semiconductor-industry |
| keywords[4].score | 0.5053649544715881 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Semiconductor industry |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/rare-earth-element |
| keywords[5].score | 0.49926304817199707 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Rare-earth element |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/rare-earth |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4980957508087158 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Rare earth |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[7].score | 0.39986473321914673 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering |
| keywords[8].score | 0.34919261932373047 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Mechanical engineering |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-physics |
| keywords[9].score | 0.33263444900512695 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Engineering physics |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science |
| keywords[10].score | 0.33173298835754395 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Materials science |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science |
| keywords[11].score | 0.3315966725349426 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Environmental science |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/manufacturing-engineering |
| keywords[12].score | 0.31273558735847473 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Manufacturing engineering |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering |
| keywords[13].score | 0.23296666145324707 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/metallurgy |
| keywords[14].score | 0.2174586057662964 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Metallurgy |
| keywords[15].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science |
| keywords[15].score | 0.2145266830921173 |
| keywords[15].display_name | Political science |
| keywords[16].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[16].score | 0.14248278737068176 |
| keywords[16].display_name | Physics |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S111367495 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1438-4957, 1611-8227 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1438-4957 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319900 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Springer Science+Business Media |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319900 |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7 |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5002970316 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Abdulhammed K. Hamzat |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Abdulhammed K. Hamzat |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5021456592 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5680-9859 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Md Shafinur Murad |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Md. Shafinur Murad |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5057893418 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Balakrishnan Subeshan |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Balakrishnan Subeshan |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5031968172 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8104-2285 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Ramazan Asmatulu |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Ramazan Asmatulu |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5010310055 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5605-2251 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Eylem Asmatulu |
| authorships[4].author_position | last |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Eylem Asmatulu |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | hybrid |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Rare earth element recycling: a review on sustainable solutions and impacts on semiconductor and chip industries |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11091 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 1.0 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2210 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Mechanical Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Extraction and Separation Processes |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2478024444, https://openalex.org/W4387567844, https://openalex.org/W2934931107, https://openalex.org/W2913385252, https://openalex.org/W2390673096, https://openalex.org/W2354058939, https://openalex.org/W2892916216, https://openalex.org/W3186884584, https://openalex.org/W2356457801, https://openalex.org/W4312973201 |
| cited_by_count | 5 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 5 |
| locations_count | 1 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S111367495 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1438-4957, 1611-8227 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1438-4957 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319900 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Springer Science+Business Media |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319900 |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S111367495 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1438-4957, 1611-8227 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1438-4957 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319900 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Springer Science+Business Media |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319900 |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s10163-025-02276-7 |
| publication_date | 2025-06-16 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2606525917, https://openalex.org/W3087834022, https://openalex.org/W39089536, https://openalex.org/W4327731264, https://openalex.org/W2611011463, https://openalex.org/W2201805341, https://openalex.org/W2790490466, https://openalex.org/W2765765398, https://openalex.org/W4385804010, https://openalex.org/W3138542170, https://openalex.org/W2562945659, https://openalex.org/W4387693817, https://openalex.org/W4391518845, https://openalex.org/W4391676081, https://openalex.org/W4322769151, https://openalex.org/W1979912617, https://openalex.org/W1967312426, https://openalex.org/W4285600845, https://openalex.org/W3165854030, https://openalex.org/W4309566254, https://openalex.org/W3084300932, https://openalex.org/W4224304945, https://openalex.org/W3150342883, https://openalex.org/W4229020904, https://openalex.org/W4284887568, https://openalex.org/W3039685517, https://openalex.org/W1937540892, https://openalex.org/W2061216116, https://openalex.org/W1970281439, https://openalex.org/W4292397254, https://openalex.org/W2011576100, https://openalex.org/W3135798024, https://openalex.org/W2047904968, https://openalex.org/W2742624406, https://openalex.org/W4280634277, https://openalex.org/W2910383994, https://openalex.org/W2888050986, https://openalex.org/W2793054125, https://openalex.org/W3120706410, https://openalex.org/W1967410318, https://openalex.org/W2213784440, https://openalex.org/W2944215855, https://openalex.org/W2810611542, https://openalex.org/W2911359119, https://openalex.org/W4220921553, https://openalex.org/W4235449220, https://openalex.org/W4223959598, https://openalex.org/W2751113497, https://openalex.org/W3102633750, https://openalex.org/W2914610003, https://openalex.org/W3007149049, https://openalex.org/W4286667576, https://openalex.org/W3085056526, https://openalex.org/W4229336241, https://openalex.org/W4386003561, https://openalex.org/W2325284328, https://openalex.org/W2300768152, https://openalex.org/W2900242397, https://openalex.org/W3119158028, https://openalex.org/W2891704156, https://openalex.org/W2550766247, https://openalex.org/W4382058378, https://openalex.org/W2328356391, https://openalex.org/W2217009748, https://openalex.org/W4240379926, https://openalex.org/W2319875107, https://openalex.org/W4391985857, https://openalex.org/W4224322876, https://openalex.org/W2580612050, https://openalex.org/W1992498689, https://openalex.org/W3004101507, https://openalex.org/W2969212337, https://openalex.org/W1964954598, https://openalex.org/W2601664168, https://openalex.org/W2515954431, https://openalex.org/W2555419583, https://openalex.org/W2944325925, https://openalex.org/W2602233304, https://openalex.org/W2951107186, https://openalex.org/W2937092223, https://openalex.org/W3183383732, https://openalex.org/W2769146162, https://openalex.org/W4294243691, https://openalex.org/W4395697778, https://openalex.org/W4381741818, https://openalex.org/W2811164898, https://openalex.org/W4214540586, https://openalex.org/W2890770120, https://openalex.org/W3086020829, https://openalex.org/W2887361953, https://openalex.org/W4402624232, https://openalex.org/W4293102706, https://openalex.org/W4220681140, https://openalex.org/W2641161288, https://openalex.org/W4283394890, https://openalex.org/W2922364175, https://openalex.org/W2084119100, https://openalex.org/W2111561127, https://openalex.org/W2969227701, https://openalex.org/W2911780499, https://openalex.org/W2921035276, https://openalex.org/W2067291759, https://openalex.org/W2805456385, https://openalex.org/W2398461553, https://openalex.org/W2164065255, https://openalex.org/W2071784707, https://openalex.org/W3042517536, https://openalex.org/W4292109620, https://openalex.org/W4386964999, https://openalex.org/W4390061481, https://openalex.org/W3111386329, https://openalex.org/W4386100993, https://openalex.org/W4292451675, https://openalex.org/W4361212461, https://openalex.org/W4387078953, https://openalex.org/W4389312271, https://openalex.org/W4386879962, https://openalex.org/W4392867983, https://openalex.org/W4292506148, https://openalex.org/W4285987217, https://openalex.org/W3195810565, https://openalex.org/W2002583978, https://openalex.org/W4224253307, https://openalex.org/W2056484140, https://openalex.org/W4313461232, https://openalex.org/W4392692086, https://openalex.org/W2980550301, https://openalex.org/W4403115824, https://openalex.org/W3130665935, https://openalex.org/W3195006170, https://openalex.org/W4323313536, https://openalex.org/W3044880274, https://openalex.org/W3131841518 |
| referenced_works_count | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 66, 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.It | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 65, 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 9, 13, 82, 95, 138, 185, 220, 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 39, 57, 78, 91, 101, 154, 163, 167, 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 119, 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 20, 29, 69, 129, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.REE | 40, 79, 139, 183, 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 1, 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 15, 24, 32, 85, 98, 106, 114, 122, 136, 152, 196, 210, 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 126, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.due | 28, 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 4, 49, 181, 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 18, 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.its | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.led | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.new | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 30, 55, 83, 89, 99, 120, 150, 176, 179, 194, 197, 214, 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.REEs | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 73, 109, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aims | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.both | 104, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.case | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.chip | 16, 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 59, 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rare | 5, 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.role | 90, 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.chip, | 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.costs | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.could | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.earth | 6, 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lower | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.serve | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 130, 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 71, 96, 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(REEs) | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Recent | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demand | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.global | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impact | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.metals | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.posing | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rising | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.supply | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uneven | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.address | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.article | 74, 110, 158, 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.chains, | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.current | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emerged | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enhance | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.funding | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.further | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impact. | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impacts | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.issues. | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.related | 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.routes, | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.various | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Finally, | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.advanced | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.chemical | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.economic | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.economy. | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.elements | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emerging | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.focusing | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.outlines | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.overview | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.positive | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presents | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.products | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provides | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resource | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solution | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.valuable | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.agencies, | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explored, | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improving | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.including | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.journals, | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potential | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.practical | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.preferred | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.processes | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.promising | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.promoting | 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recycling | 56, 80, 102, 116, 140, 169, 184, 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resources | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.response, | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approaches | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.challenges | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discussing | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficiency | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electronic | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extraction | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highlights | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.importance | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increasing | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.industrial | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.processes. | 34, 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.production | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.successful | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complicates | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emphasizing | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.end-of-life | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environment | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.industries, | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.industries. | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significant | 25, 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sustainable | 50, 168, 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.developments | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distribution | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.geographical | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highlighting | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.particularly | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.purification | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.researchers, | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technologies | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applications. | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrating | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environmental | 26, 107, 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.manufacturing | 145, 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.perspectives. | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.semiconductor | 14, 51, 84, 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technologies, | 11, 117, 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.manufacturing, | 17, 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.manufacturing. | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.semiconductor, | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sustainability | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implementations | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hydrometallurgical | 123 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 98 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 97 |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 5 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.96579125 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |