Real-Time Readout System Design for the BULLKID-DM Experiment: Enhancing Dark Matter Search Capabilities Article Swipe

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T. Muscheid , R. Gartmann , Luis E. Ardila-Perez , A. Acevedo-Rentería , L. Bandiera , Miguel A. Aragón-Calvo , M. Cappelli , R. Caravita , F. Carillo , U. Chowdhury , D. Crovo , Andrea Cruciani , A. D’Addabbo , Mario de Lucia , G. del Castello , M. del Gallo Roccagiovine , D. Delicato , F. Ferraro , M. Folcarelli , S. Fu , M. Grassi , Vincenzo Guidi , D. Helis , T. Lari , Lorenzo Malagutti , A. Mazzolari , A. Monfardini , D. Nicolò , Federico Paolucci , D. Pasciuto , L Pesce , V Pettinacci , Claudio Puglia , D. Quaranta , C. Roda , Stefano Roddaro , M. Romagnoni , G. Signorelli , F. Simon , M. Tamisari , A. Tartari , E. Vázquez-Jáuregui , M. Vignati , K. Zhao ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.17682

The BULLKID-DM experiment aims to detect WIMP-like potential Dark Matter particles with masses below 1 GeV/c^2. Sensing these particles is challenging, as it requires nuclear recoil detectors characterized by high exposure and an energy threshold in the order of 100 eV, thus exceeding the capabilities of conventional semiconductor detectors. BULLKID-DM intends to tackle this challenge by using cryogenic Kinetic Inductance Detectors (MKIDs) with exceptional energy thresholds to sense a target with a total mass of 800 g across 16 wafers, divided into over 2000 individually instrumented silicon dice. The MKIDs on each wafer are coupled to a single transmission line and read using a frequency division multiplexing approach by the room-temperature data acquisition. In this contribution, we describe and assess the design of the room-temperature readout electronics system, including the selected hardware components and the FPGA firmware which contains the real-time signal processing stages for tone generation, frequency demultiplexing, and event triggering. We evaluate the system on the ZCU216 board, a commercial evaluation card built around a Radio-Frequency System-on-Chip (RFSoC) with integrated high-speed DACs and ADCs, and connected it to a custom-designed analog front-end for signal conditioning.

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Type: preprint
Landing Page: http://arxiv.org/abs/2510.17682
PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2510.17682
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OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4415966309

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DOI: https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2510.17682

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Title: Real-Time Readout System Design for the BULLKID-DM Experiment: Enhancing Dark Matter Search Capabilities

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Publication year: 2025

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Authors: T. Muscheid, R. Gartmann, Luis E. Ardila-Perez, A. Acevedo-Rentería, L. Bandiera, Miguel A. Aragón-Calvo, M. Cappelli, R. Caravita, F. Carillo, U. Chowdhury, D. Crovo, Andrea Cruciani, A. D’Addabbo, Mario de Lucia, G. del Castello, M. del Gallo Roccagiovine, D. Delicato, F. Ferraro, M. Folcarelli, S. Fu, M. Grassi, Vincenzo Guidi, D. Helis, T. Lari, Lorenzo Malagutti, A. Mazzolari, A. Monfardini, D. Nicolò, Federico Paolucci, D. Pasciuto, L Pesce, V Pettinacci, Claudio Puglia, D. Quaranta, C. Roda, Stefano Roddaro, M. Romagnoni, G. Signorelli, F. Simon, M. Tamisari, A. Tartari, E. Vázquez-Jáuregui, M. Vignati, K. Zhao

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abstract_inverted_index.the	36, 43, 109, 120, 123, 129, 134, 139, 154, 157
abstract_inverted_index.2000	83
abstract_inverted_index.DACs	173
abstract_inverted_index.Dark	8
abstract_inverted_index.FPGA	135
abstract_inverted_index.aims	3
abstract_inverted_index.card	163
abstract_inverted_index.data	111
abstract_inverted_index.each	91
abstract_inverted_index.high	29
abstract_inverted_index.into	81
abstract_inverted_index.line	99
abstract_inverted_index.mass	73
abstract_inverted_index.over	82
abstract_inverted_index.read	101
abstract_inverted_index.this	53, 114
abstract_inverted_index.thus	41
abstract_inverted_index.tone	145
abstract_inverted_index.with	11, 62, 70, 170
abstract_inverted_index.ADCs,	175
abstract_inverted_index.MKIDs	89
abstract_inverted_index.below	13
abstract_inverted_index.built	164
abstract_inverted_index.dice.	87
abstract_inverted_index.event	150
abstract_inverted_index.order	37
abstract_inverted_index.sense	67
abstract_inverted_index.these	17
abstract_inverted_index.total	72
abstract_inverted_index.using	56, 102
abstract_inverted_index.wafer	92
abstract_inverted_index.which	137
abstract_inverted_index.Matter	9
abstract_inverted_index.ZCU216	158
abstract_inverted_index.across	77
abstract_inverted_index.analog	182
abstract_inverted_index.around	165
abstract_inverted_index.assess	119
abstract_inverted_index.board,	159
abstract_inverted_index.design	121
abstract_inverted_index.detect	5
abstract_inverted_index.energy	33, 64
abstract_inverted_index.masses	12
abstract_inverted_index.recoil	25
abstract_inverted_index.signal	141, 185
abstract_inverted_index.single	97
abstract_inverted_index.stages	143
abstract_inverted_index.system	155
abstract_inverted_index.tackle	52
abstract_inverted_index.target	69
abstract_inverted_index.(MKIDs)	61
abstract_inverted_index.(RFSoC)	169
abstract_inverted_index.Kinetic	58
abstract_inverted_index.Sensing	16
abstract_inverted_index.coupled	94
abstract_inverted_index.divided	80
abstract_inverted_index.intends	50
abstract_inverted_index.nuclear	24
abstract_inverted_index.readout	125
abstract_inverted_index.silicon	86
abstract_inverted_index.system,	127
abstract_inverted_index.wafers,	79
abstract_inverted_index.GeV/c^2.	15
abstract_inverted_index.approach	107
abstract_inverted_index.contains	138
abstract_inverted_index.describe	117
abstract_inverted_index.division	105
abstract_inverted_index.evaluate	153
abstract_inverted_index.exposure	30
abstract_inverted_index.firmware	136
abstract_inverted_index.hardware	131
abstract_inverted_index.requires	23
abstract_inverted_index.selected	130
abstract_inverted_index.Detectors	60
abstract_inverted_index.WIMP-like	6
abstract_inverted_index.challenge	54
abstract_inverted_index.connected	177
abstract_inverted_index.cryogenic	57
abstract_inverted_index.detectors	26
abstract_inverted_index.exceeding	42
abstract_inverted_index.frequency	104, 147
abstract_inverted_index.front-end	183
abstract_inverted_index.including	128
abstract_inverted_index.particles	10, 18
abstract_inverted_index.potential	7
abstract_inverted_index.real-time	140
abstract_inverted_index.threshold	34
abstract_inverted_index.BULLKID-DM	1, 49
abstract_inverted_index.Inductance	59
abstract_inverted_index.commercial	161
abstract_inverted_index.components	132
abstract_inverted_index.detectors.	48
abstract_inverted_index.evaluation	162
abstract_inverted_index.experiment	2
abstract_inverted_index.high-speed	172
abstract_inverted_index.integrated	171
abstract_inverted_index.processing	142
abstract_inverted_index.thresholds	65
abstract_inverted_index.electronics	126
abstract_inverted_index.exceptional	63
abstract_inverted_index.generation,	146
abstract_inverted_index.triggering.	151
abstract_inverted_index.acquisition.	112
abstract_inverted_index.capabilities	44
abstract_inverted_index.challenging,	20
abstract_inverted_index.conventional	46
abstract_inverted_index.individually	84
abstract_inverted_index.instrumented	85
abstract_inverted_index.multiplexing	106
abstract_inverted_index.transmission	98
abstract_inverted_index.characterized	27
abstract_inverted_index.conditioning.	186
abstract_inverted_index.contribution,	115
abstract_inverted_index.semiconductor	47
abstract_inverted_index.System-on-Chip	168
abstract_inverted_index.Radio-Frequency	167
abstract_inverted_index.custom-designed	181
abstract_inverted_index.demultiplexing,	148
abstract_inverted_index.room-temperature	110, 124
cited_by_percentile_year
countries_distinct_count	0
institutions_distinct_count	44
citation_normalized_percentile