Reduction of Enteric Pathogens in Bottled Water Using Residual Ozone Article Swipe
William Ryan Schwaner
,
Sanjay Kumar
,
Harshavardhan Thippareddi
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100585
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100585
Ozone is an effective and safe disinfectant used globally in the bottled water industry. Ozone infusion at a high level helps maintain a residual level (0.1-0.4 mg/L) at the time of bottling, thus can ensure 4 log microbial reductions. This study validated the efficacy of residual ozone against Escherichia coli O157:H7, non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC; O26, O45, O103, O111, O121, O145), and Salmonella Typhimurium. A pilot-scale ozone system infused 0.5 L polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles with ozonated water (0.1-0.4 mg/L). Pathogens were inoculated into samples (∼6 or 4 log CFU/mL) immediately after ozonation treatment, followed by incubation at 25 °C for 5-180 min. Additional trials evaluated the isolated effect of pH (5.0, 7.0, and 9.0) and total dissolved solids (TDS; 5, 50, and 500 mg/L) at a fixed ozone concentration (0.1 mg/L ozone) and contact time (30 min). Posttreatment samples were neutralized (0.1% sodium thiosulfate), filtered, and plated on Petri films for enumeration (35 °C, 48 h). Neutralization (0.1% sodium thiosulfate) was validated to have no antimicrobial effect in controls. All pathogens exhibited ≥4 log reductions across ozone concentrations (0.1-0.4 mg/L), contact times (≥5 min), and inoculum levels (6 or 4 log CFU/mL). Extended contact (30-180 min) did not enhance reduction. However, at 500 mg/L TDS, reductions fell below 4 logs: Salmonella (2.60 log ± 1.24), E. coli O157:H7 (1.72 log ± 1.10), and non-O157 STEC (2.74 log ± 1.45). Similarly, pH 5.0 and 9.0 resulted in <4 log reductions. While residual ozone effectively achieves microbial safety benchmarks, elevated TDS and nonneutral pH significantly impair efficacy. These findings underscore the necessity of monitoring water quality parameters to optimize ozone disinfection in bottled water facilities, ensuring consistent compliance with food safety standards.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100585
- OA Status
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- References
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- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
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All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
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https://openalex.org/W4412629898Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100585Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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Reduction of Enteric Pathogens in Bottled Water Using Residual OzoneWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2025Year of publication
- Publication date
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2025-07-24Full publication date if available
- Authors
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William Ryan Schwaner, Sanjay Kumar, Harshavardhan ThippareddiList of authors in order
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100585Publisher landing page
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfp.2025.100585Direct OA link when available
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Bottled water, Ozone, Enteric bacteria, Residual, Food microbiology, Microbiology, Food science, Reduction (mathematics), Biology, Chemistry, Environmental science, Bacteria, Escherichia coli, Environmental engineering, Computer science, Genetics, Geometry, Organic chemistry, Biochemistry, Mathematics, Algorithm, GeneTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
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0Total citation count in OpenAlex
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45Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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