Refractive error and angle of deviation in basic esotropia versus exotropia: a comparative study Article Swipe

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Babak Masoomian , Mohammad Reza Akbari , Arash Mirmohammadsadeghi , Sajida Madeeh Fadhl , Ali Majdi , Kimia Daneshvar , Masoud Khorrami Nejad ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2025.12.16

AIM: To compare refractive error and angle of deviation in patients with basic esotropia and basic exotropia. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on the medical records of patients with basic-type strabismus. Demographic data, refractive error, best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCVA), and the horizontal and vertical angle of deviation between basic esotropia and exotropia patients were compared. RESULTS: Among the 7129 patients (mean age 22.98±14.81y) evaluated, 44.7% (3185 cases, 54.9% male) exhibited basic-type esotropia, while 55.3% (3944 cases, 53.9% male) presented with basic-type exotropia. Basic esotropia cases exhibited more hyperopic spherical equivalent measurements in both eyes (right: 0.53±3.07 vs left: 0.56±2.98 D) than those with basic exotropia (right eye: -0.33±2.84 vs left eye: -0.24±2.68 D, P<0.001 for both eyes). Patients with basic esotropia had significantly greater horizontal deviation angles (near: 36.08±18.87 PD and far: 35.56±18.75 PD) compared to those with basic exotropia (near: 33.75±16.11 PD and far: 33.26±15.90 PD, P<0.001). Conversely, patients with basic exotropia had slightly higher vertical deviation angles (near: 1.67±5.80 PD and far: 1.72±5.89 PD) compared to those with basic esotropia (near: 1.12±4.57 PD and far: 1.12±4.58 PD, P<0.001). Patients with basic esotropia underwent surgical intervention at younger ages compared to basic exotropia individuals (19.68±15.99 vs 25.66±13.20, P<0.001). CONCLUSION: Basic esotropia patients present more hyperopic refractive errors, better visual acuity, larger horizontal yet smaller vertical ocular misalignments, and tend to undergo strabismus surgery at younger ages relative to basic exotropia cases.

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Esotropia Exotropia Medicine Strabismus Minimum deviation Ophthalmology Refractive error Standard deviation Visual acuity Intermittent exotropia Optometry Absolute deviation Astigmatism Eye disease Retrospective cohort study Optics Binocular vision Ocular dominance column

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Type: article
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2025.12.16
PDF: https://www.ijo.cn/gjyken/article/pdf/20251216
OA Status: gold
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2025.12.16

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Title: Refractive error and angle of deviation in basic esotropia versus exotropia: a comparative study

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Type: article

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Language: en

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Publication year: 2025

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Publication date: 2025-11-17

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Authors: Babak Masoomian, Mohammad Reza Akbari, Arash Mirmohammadsadeghi, Sajida Madeeh Fadhl, Ali Majdi, Kimia Daneshvar, Masoud Khorrami Nejad

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Landing page: https://doi.org/10.18240/ijo.2025.12.16

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PDF URL: https://www.ijo.cn/gjyken/article/pdf/20251216

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Concepts: Esotropia, Exotropia, Medicine, Strabismus, Minimum deviation, Ophthalmology, Refractive error, Standard deviation, Visual acuity, Intermittent exotropia, Optometry, Absolute deviation, Astigmatism, Eye disease, Retrospective cohort study, Optics, Binocular vision, Ocular dominance column

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abstract_inverted_index.0.53±3.07	97
abstract_inverted_index.0.56±2.98	100
abstract_inverted_index.1.12±4.57	175
abstract_inverted_index.1.12±4.58	179
abstract_inverted_index.1.67±5.80	162
abstract_inverted_index.1.72±5.89	166
abstract_inverted_index.P<0.001	115
abstract_inverted_index.basic-type	30, 72, 82
abstract_inverted_index.equivalent	91
abstract_inverted_index.esotropia,	73
abstract_inverted_index.evaluated,	65
abstract_inverted_index.exotropia.	16, 83
abstract_inverted_index.horizontal	43, 126, 214
abstract_inverted_index.refractive	3, 34, 208
abstract_inverted_index.strabismus	224
abstract_inverted_index.-0.24±2.68	113
abstract_inverted_index.-0.33±2.84	109
abstract_inverted_index.CONCLUSION:	201
abstract_inverted_index.Conversely,	150
abstract_inverted_index.Demographic	32
abstract_inverted_index.individuals	196
abstract_inverted_index.strabismus.	31
abstract_inverted_index.33.26±15.90	147
abstract_inverted_index.33.75±16.11	143
abstract_inverted_index.35.56±18.75	134
abstract_inverted_index.36.08±18.87	130
abstract_inverted_index.P<0.001).	149, 181, 200
abstract_inverted_index.intervention	188
abstract_inverted_index.measurements	92
abstract_inverted_index.(19.68±15.99	197
abstract_inverted_index.25.66±13.20,	199
abstract_inverted_index.retrospective	19
abstract_inverted_index.significantly	124
abstract_inverted_index.22.98±14.81y)	64
abstract_inverted_index.best-corrected	36
abstract_inverted_index.misalignments,	219
cited_by_percentile_year
countries_distinct_count	0
institutions_distinct_count	7
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.82031408
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	False