Risk Analysis Method of Aviation Critical System Based on Bayesian Networks and Empirical Information Fusion Article Swipe

PDF

Xiangjun Dang , Yongxuan Shao , Haoming Liu , Zhe Yang , Manli Zhong , Maohua Sun , Wu Deng ·

YOU? · · 2025 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122496

The intrinsic hazards associated with high-pressure hydrogen, combined with electromechanical interactions in hybrid architectures, pose significant challenges in predicting potential system risks during the conceptual design phase. In this paper, a risk analysis methodology integrating systems theoretic process analysis (STPA), D-S evidence theory, and Bayesian networks (BN) is established. The approach employs STPA to identify unsafe control actions and analyze their loss scenarios. Subsequently, D-S evidence theory quantifies the likelihood of risk factors, while the BN model’s nodal uncertainties to construct a risk network identifying critical risk-inducing events. This methodology provides a comprehensive risk analysis process that identifies systemic risk elements, quantifies risk probabilities, and incorporates uncertainties for quantitative risk assessment. These insights inform risk-averse design decisions for hydrogen–electric hybrid powered aircraft. A case study demonstrates the framework’s effectiveness. The approach bridges theoretical risk analysis with early-stage engineering practice, delivering actionable guidance for advancing zero-emission aviation.

Related Topics

Aerospace Engineering

Concepts

Bayesian network Risk analysis (engineering) Aviation Process (computing) Construct (python library) Risk assessment Computer science Hazard Risk management Systems engineering Engineering Reliability engineering Operations research Machine learning Computer security Aerospace engineering Organic chemistry Programming language Operating system Economics Medicine Chemistry Management

Metadata

Type: article
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122496
PDF: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/14/12/2496/pdf?version=1750393405
OA Status: gold
References: 60
Related Works: 10
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4411451555

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4411451555

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122496

Digital Object Identifier
Title: Risk Analysis Method of Aviation Critical System Based on Bayesian Networks and Empirical Information Fusion

Work title
Type: article

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2025

Year of publication
Publication date: 2025-06-19

Full publication date if available
Authors: Xiangjun Dang, Yongxuan Shao, Haoming Liu, Zhe Yang, Manli Zhong, Maohua Sun, Wu Deng

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122496

Publisher landing page
PDF URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/14/12/2496/pdf?version=1750393405

Direct link to full text PDF
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: gold

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/14/12/2496/pdf?version=1750393405

Direct OA link when available
Concepts: Bayesian network, Risk analysis (engineering), Aviation, Process (computing), Construct (python library), Risk assessment, Computer science, Hazard, Risk management, Systems engineering, Engineering, Reliability engineering, Operations research, Machine learning, Computer security, Aerospace engineering, Organic chemistry, Programming language, Operating system, Economics, Medicine, Chemistry, Management

Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
Cited by: 0

Total citation count in OpenAlex
References (count): 60

Number of works referenced by this work
Related works (count): 10

Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W4411451555
doi	https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122496
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122496
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W4411451555
fwci	0.0
type	article
title	Risk Analysis Method of Aviation Critical System Based on Bayesian Networks and Empirical Information Fusion
awards[0].id	https://openalex.org/G7912036830
awards[0].funder_id	https://openalex.org/F4320335777
awards[0].display_name
awards[0].funder_award_id	2022YFB4301000
awards[0].funder_display_name	National Key Research and Development Program of China
biblio.issue	12
biblio.volume	14
biblio.last_page	2496
biblio.first_page	2496
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T11357
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/18
topics[0].field.display_name	Decision Sciences
topics[0].score	0.9997000098228455
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/2
topics[0].domain.display_name	Social Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1804
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
topics[0].display_name	Risk and Safety Analysis
topics[1].id	https://openalex.org/T10809
topics[1].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/36
topics[1].field.display_name	Health Professions
topics[1].score	0.992900013923645
topics[1].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/4
topics[1].domain.display_name	Health Sciences
topics[1].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/3614
topics[1].subfield.display_name	Radiological and Ultrasound Technology
topics[1].display_name	Occupational Health and Safety Research
topics[2].id	https://openalex.org/T14306
topics[2].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/22
topics[2].field.display_name	Engineering
topics[2].score	0.9886000156402588
topics[2].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[2].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[2].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/2213
topics[2].subfield.display_name	Safety, Risk, Reliability and Quality
topics[2].display_name	Technology Assessment and Management
funders[0].id	https://openalex.org/F4320335777
funders[0].ror
funders[0].display_name	National Key Research and Development Program of China
is_xpac	False
apc_list.value	2000
apc_list.currency	CHF
apc_list.value_usd	2165
apc_paid.value	2000
apc_paid.currency	CHF
apc_paid.value_usd	2165
concepts[0].id	https://openalex.org/C33724603
concepts[0].level	2
concepts[0].score	0.7431415915489197
concepts[0].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q812540
concepts[0].display_name	Bayesian network
concepts[1].id	https://openalex.org/C112930515
concepts[1].level	1
concepts[1].score	0.6955593824386597
concepts[1].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4389547
concepts[1].display_name	Risk analysis (engineering)
concepts[2].id	https://openalex.org/C74448152
concepts[2].level	2
concepts[2].score	0.6358906030654907
concepts[2].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q765633
concepts[2].display_name	Aviation
concepts[3].id	https://openalex.org/C98045186
concepts[3].level	2
concepts[3].score	0.5451887845993042
concepts[3].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663
concepts[3].display_name	Process (computing)
concepts[4].id	https://openalex.org/C2780801425
concepts[4].level	2
concepts[4].score	0.5441383719444275
concepts[4].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5164392
concepts[4].display_name	Construct (python library)
concepts[5].id	https://openalex.org/C12174686
concepts[5].level	2
concepts[5].score	0.5110955834388733
concepts[5].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1058438
concepts[5].display_name	Risk assessment
concepts[6].id	https://openalex.org/C41008148
concepts[6].level	0
concepts[6].score	0.4926963150501251
concepts[6].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198
concepts[6].display_name	Computer science
concepts[7].id	https://openalex.org/C49261128
concepts[7].level	2
concepts[7].score	0.42427244782447815
concepts[7].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132455
concepts[7].display_name	Hazard
concepts[8].id	https://openalex.org/C32896092
concepts[8].level	2
concepts[8].score	0.41566002368927
concepts[8].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189447
concepts[8].display_name	Risk management
concepts[9].id	https://openalex.org/C201995342
concepts[9].level	1
concepts[9].score	0.3958393931388855
concepts[9].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496
concepts[9].display_name	Systems engineering
concepts[10].id	https://openalex.org/C127413603
concepts[10].level	0
concepts[10].score	0.3891422748565674
concepts[10].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023
concepts[10].display_name	Engineering
concepts[11].id	https://openalex.org/C200601418
concepts[11].level	1
concepts[11].score	0.3788878917694092
concepts[11].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887
concepts[11].display_name	Reliability engineering
concepts[12].id	https://openalex.org/C42475967
concepts[12].level	1
concepts[12].score	0.3539677858352661
concepts[12].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292
concepts[12].display_name	Operations research
concepts[13].id	https://openalex.org/C119857082
concepts[13].level	1
concepts[13].score	0.19965368509292603
concepts[13].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539
concepts[13].display_name	Machine learning
concepts[14].id	https://openalex.org/C38652104
concepts[14].level	1
concepts[14].score	0.10154038667678833
concepts[14].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521
concepts[14].display_name	Computer security
concepts[15].id	https://openalex.org/C146978453
concepts[15].level	1
concepts[15].score	0.0
concepts[15].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668
concepts[15].display_name	Aerospace engineering
concepts[16].id	https://openalex.org/C178790620
concepts[16].level	1
concepts[16].score	0.0
concepts[16].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11351
concepts[16].display_name	Organic chemistry
concepts[17].id	https://openalex.org/C199360897
concepts[17].level	1
concepts[17].score	0.0
concepts[17].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143
concepts[17].display_name	Programming language
concepts[18].id	https://openalex.org/C111919701
concepts[18].level	1
concepts[18].score	0.0
concepts[18].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135
concepts[18].display_name	Operating system
concepts[19].id	https://openalex.org/C162324750
concepts[19].level	0
concepts[19].score	0.0
concepts[19].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134
concepts[19].display_name	Economics
concepts[20].id	https://openalex.org/C71924100
concepts[20].level	0
concepts[20].score	0.0
concepts[20].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190
concepts[20].display_name	Medicine
concepts[21].id	https://openalex.org/C185592680
concepts[21].level	0
concepts[21].score	0.0
concepts[21].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329
concepts[21].display_name	Chemistry
concepts[22].id	https://openalex.org/C187736073
concepts[22].level	1
concepts[22].score	0.0
concepts[22].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921
concepts[22].display_name	Management
keywords[0].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/bayesian-network
keywords[0].score	0.7431415915489197
keywords[0].display_name	Bayesian network
keywords[1].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-analysis
keywords[1].score	0.6955593824386597
keywords[1].display_name	Risk analysis (engineering)
keywords[2].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/aviation
keywords[2].score	0.6358906030654907
keywords[2].display_name	Aviation
keywords[3].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/process
keywords[3].score	0.5451887845993042
keywords[3].display_name	Process (computing)
keywords[4].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/construct
keywords[4].score	0.5441383719444275
keywords[4].display_name	Construct (python library)
keywords[5].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-assessment
keywords[5].score	0.5110955834388733
keywords[5].display_name	Risk assessment
keywords[6].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science
keywords[6].score	0.4926963150501251
keywords[6].display_name	Computer science
keywords[7].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/hazard
keywords[7].score	0.42427244782447815
keywords[7].display_name	Hazard
keywords[8].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/risk-management
keywords[8].score	0.41566002368927
keywords[8].display_name	Risk management
keywords[9].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/systems-engineering
keywords[9].score	0.3958393931388855
keywords[9].display_name	Systems engineering
keywords[10].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering
keywords[10].score	0.3891422748565674
keywords[10].display_name	Engineering
keywords[11].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability-engineering
keywords[11].score	0.3788878917694092
keywords[11].display_name	Reliability engineering
keywords[12].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research
keywords[12].score	0.3539677858352661
keywords[12].display_name	Operations research
keywords[13].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning
keywords[13].score	0.19965368509292603
keywords[13].display_name	Machine learning
keywords[14].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security
keywords[14].score	0.10154038667678833
keywords[14].display_name	Computer security
language	en
locations[0].id	doi:10.3390/electronics14122496
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source.id	https://openalex.org/S4210202905
locations[0].source.issn	2079-9292
locations[0].source.type	journal
locations[0].source.is_oa	True
locations[0].source.issn_l	2079-9292
locations[0].source.is_core	True
locations[0].source.is_in_doaj	False
locations[0].source.display_name	Electronics
locations[0].source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4310310987
locations[0].source.host_organization_name	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310310987
locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
locations[0].license	cc-by
locations[0].pdf_url	https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/14/12/2496/pdf?version=1750393405
locations[0].version	publishedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	journal-article
locations[0].license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
locations[0].is_accepted	True
locations[0].is_published	True
locations[0].raw_source_name	Electronics
locations[0].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122496
indexed_in	crossref
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5025254623
authorships[0].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2517-4536
authorships[0].author.display_name	Xiangjun Dang
authorships[0].countries	CN
authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	School of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
authorships[0].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[0].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/03je71k37
authorships[0].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code	CN
authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name	Civil Aviation University of China
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Xiangjun Dang
authorships[0].is_corresponding	False
authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings	School of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5046619103
authorships[1].author.orcid
authorships[1].author.display_name	Yongxuan Shao
authorships[1].countries	CN
authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	School of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
authorships[1].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[1].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/03je71k37
authorships[1].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code	CN
authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name	Civil Aviation University of China
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Yongxuan Shao
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings	School of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5113514348
authorships[2].author.orcid
authorships[2].author.display_name	Haoming Liu
authorships[2].countries	CN
authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	School of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
authorships[2].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[2].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/03je71k37
authorships[2].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code	CN
authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name	Civil Aviation University of China
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	Haoming Liu
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings	School of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
authorships[3].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5064899720
authorships[3].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2118-3710
authorships[3].author.display_name	Zhe Yang
authorships[3].countries	CN
authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	School of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
authorships[3].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[3].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/03je71k37
authorships[3].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code	CN
authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name	Civil Aviation University of China
authorships[3].author_position	middle
authorships[3].raw_author_name	Zhe Yang
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings	School of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
authorships[4].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5113892289
authorships[4].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0009-0006-4803-4519
authorships[4].author.display_name	Manli Zhong
authorships[4].countries	CN
authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	School of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
authorships[4].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[4].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/03je71k37
authorships[4].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code	CN
authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name	Civil Aviation University of China
authorships[4].author_position	middle
authorships[4].raw_author_name	Mingwen Zhong
authorships[4].is_corresponding	False
authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings	School of Safety Science and Engineering, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
authorships[5].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5008563489
authorships[5].author.orcid
authorships[5].author.display_name	Maohua Sun
authorships[5].countries	CN
authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I153806059
authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	International Education Department, Shanghai Business School, Shanghai 201400, China
authorships[5].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I153806059
authorships[5].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/05kf5z787
authorships[5].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I153806059
authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code	CN
authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name	Shanghai Business School
authorships[5].author_position	middle
authorships[5].raw_author_name	Maohua Sun
authorships[5].is_corresponding	True
authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings	International Education Department, Shanghai Business School, Shanghai 201400, China
authorships[6].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5100764224
authorships[6].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6524-6760
authorships[6].author.display_name	Wu Deng
authorships[6].countries	CN
authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I4800084
authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
authorships[6].affiliations[1].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[6].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string	School of Electronic Information and Automation, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China
authorships[6].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[6].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/03je71k37
authorships[6].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I28813325
authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code	CN
authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name	Civil Aviation University of China
authorships[6].institutions[1].id	https://openalex.org/I4800084
authorships[6].institutions[1].ror	https://ror.org/00hn7w693
authorships[6].institutions[1].type	education
authorships[6].institutions[1].lineage	https://openalex.org/I4800084
authorships[6].institutions[1].country_code	CN
authorships[6].institutions[1].display_name	Southwest Jiaotong University
authorships[6].author_position	last
authorships[6].raw_author_name	Wu Deng
authorships[6].is_corresponding	False
authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings	School of Electronic Information and Automation, Civil Aviation University of China, Tianjin 300300, China, State Key Laboratory of Rail Transit Vehicle System, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
has_content.pdf	True
has_content.grobid_xml	True
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/14/12/2496/pdf?version=1750393405
open_access.oa_status	gold
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-10T00:00:00
display_name	Risk Analysis Method of Aviation Critical System Based on Bayesian Networks and Empirical Information Fusion
has_fulltext	False
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T11357
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/18
primary_topic.field.display_name	Decision Sciences
primary_topic.score	0.9997000098228455
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/2
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Social Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1804
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty
primary_topic.display_name	Risk and Safety Analysis
related_works	https://openalex.org/W2497730527, https://openalex.org/W2972991241, https://openalex.org/W3041075136, https://openalex.org/W2285205992, https://openalex.org/W1985379262, https://openalex.org/W1594095616, https://openalex.org/W3006961029, https://openalex.org/W2480445825, https://openalex.org/W2153011985, https://openalex.org/W2483482908
cited_by_count	0
locations_count	1
best_oa_location.id	doi:10.3390/electronics14122496
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S4210202905
best_oa_location.source.issn	2079-9292
best_oa_location.source.type	journal
best_oa_location.source.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source.issn_l	2079-9292
best_oa_location.source.is_core	True
best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
best_oa_location.source.display_name	Electronics
best_oa_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4310310987
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310310987
best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
best_oa_location.license	cc-by
best_oa_location.pdf_url	https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/14/12/2496/pdf?version=1750393405
best_oa_location.version	publishedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	journal-article
best_oa_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
best_oa_location.is_accepted	True
best_oa_location.is_published	True
best_oa_location.raw_source_name	Electronics
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122496
primary_location.id	doi:10.3390/electronics14122496
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.id	https://openalex.org/S4210202905
primary_location.source.issn	2079-9292
primary_location.source.type	journal
primary_location.source.is_oa	True
primary_location.source.issn_l	2079-9292
primary_location.source.is_core	True
primary_location.source.is_in_doaj	False
primary_location.source.display_name	Electronics
primary_location.source.host_organization	https://openalex.org/P4310310987
primary_location.source.host_organization_name	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage	https://openalex.org/P4310310987
primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
primary_location.license	cc-by
primary_location.pdf_url	https://www.mdpi.com/2079-9292/14/12/2496/pdf?version=1750393405
primary_location.version	publishedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	journal-article
primary_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
primary_location.is_accepted	True
primary_location.is_published	True
primary_location.raw_source_name	Electronics
primary_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14122496
publication_date	2025-06-19
publication_year	2025
referenced_works	https://openalex.org/W4404281436, https://openalex.org/W4362715750, https://openalex.org/W4410858911, https://openalex.org/W4408251248, https://openalex.org/W3046174395, https://openalex.org/W4388581477, https://openalex.org/W2991629659, https://openalex.org/W4409725736, https://openalex.org/W4392876470, https://openalex.org/W4408145568, https://openalex.org/W4212824250, https://openalex.org/W4394760102, https://openalex.org/W4409561278, https://openalex.org/W4390911350, https://openalex.org/W4377100808, https://openalex.org/W4407316442, https://openalex.org/W4410317402, https://openalex.org/W2766741806, https://openalex.org/W4400911268, https://openalex.org/W4403390876, https://openalex.org/W4391804634, https://openalex.org/W4245587674, https://openalex.org/W4319761770, https://openalex.org/W4322011991, https://openalex.org/W2938930203, https://openalex.org/W6878757373, https://openalex.org/W4407937711, https://openalex.org/W4380887642, https://openalex.org/W4281837975, https://openalex.org/W4387871186, https://openalex.org/W4285585682, https://openalex.org/W4388576125, https://openalex.org/W4404130238, https://openalex.org/W4388816770, https://openalex.org/W4323307319, https://openalex.org/W2808418454, https://openalex.org/W4283759563, https://openalex.org/W4398200898, https://openalex.org/W4283748338, https://openalex.org/W4409916792, https://openalex.org/W2018571157, https://openalex.org/W4407782703, https://openalex.org/W4292394991, https://openalex.org/W3081335952, https://openalex.org/W1904378167, https://openalex.org/W4386851522, https://openalex.org/W2906967637, https://openalex.org/W2103208721, https://openalex.org/W3134647658, https://openalex.org/W4307578512, https://openalex.org/W4392432502, https://openalex.org/W6627878835, https://openalex.org/W3203618031, https://openalex.org/W4378839999, https://openalex.org/W1963879048, https://openalex.org/W4386495235, https://openalex.org/W4237482698, https://openalex.org/W1200392137, https://openalex.org/W1494890444, https://openalex.org/W4409129771
referenced_works_count	60
abstract_inverted_index.A	122
abstract_inverted_index.a	30, 81, 91
abstract_inverted_index.BN	75
abstract_inverted_index.In	27
abstract_inverted_index.in	11, 17
abstract_inverted_index.is	47
abstract_inverted_index.of	70
abstract_inverted_index.to	53, 79
abstract_inverted_index.D-S	40, 64
abstract_inverted_index.The	0, 49, 129
abstract_inverted_index.and	43, 58, 104
abstract_inverted_index.for	107, 117, 142
abstract_inverted_index.the	23, 68, 74, 126
abstract_inverted_index.(BN)	46
abstract_inverted_index.STPA	52
abstract_inverted_index.This	88
abstract_inverted_index.case	123
abstract_inverted_index.loss	61
abstract_inverted_index.pose	14
abstract_inverted_index.risk	31, 71, 82, 93, 99, 102, 109, 133
abstract_inverted_index.that	96
abstract_inverted_index.this	28
abstract_inverted_index.with	4, 8, 135
abstract_inverted_index.These	111
abstract_inverted_index.nodal	77
abstract_inverted_index.risks	21
abstract_inverted_index.study	124
abstract_inverted_index.their	60
abstract_inverted_index.while	73
abstract_inverted_index.design	25, 115
abstract_inverted_index.during	22
abstract_inverted_index.hybrid	12, 119
abstract_inverted_index.inform	113
abstract_inverted_index.paper,	29
abstract_inverted_index.phase.	26
abstract_inverted_index.system	20
abstract_inverted_index.theory	66
abstract_inverted_index.unsafe	55
abstract_inverted_index.(STPA),	39
abstract_inverted_index.actions	57
abstract_inverted_index.analyze	59
abstract_inverted_index.bridges	131
abstract_inverted_index.control	56
abstract_inverted_index.employs	51
abstract_inverted_index.events.	87
abstract_inverted_index.hazards	2
abstract_inverted_index.network	83
abstract_inverted_index.powered	120
abstract_inverted_index.process	37, 95
abstract_inverted_index.systems	35
abstract_inverted_index.theory,	42
abstract_inverted_index.Bayesian	44
abstract_inverted_index.analysis	32, 38, 94, 134
abstract_inverted_index.approach	50, 130
abstract_inverted_index.combined	7
abstract_inverted_index.critical	85
abstract_inverted_index.evidence	41, 65
abstract_inverted_index.factors,	72
abstract_inverted_index.guidance	141
abstract_inverted_index.identify	54
abstract_inverted_index.insights	112
abstract_inverted_index.networks	45
abstract_inverted_index.provides	90
abstract_inverted_index.systemic	98
abstract_inverted_index.advancing	143
abstract_inverted_index.aircraft.	121
abstract_inverted_index.aviation.	145
abstract_inverted_index.construct	80
abstract_inverted_index.decisions	116
abstract_inverted_index.elements,	100
abstract_inverted_index.hydrogen,	6
abstract_inverted_index.intrinsic	1
abstract_inverted_index.model’s	76
abstract_inverted_index.potential	19
abstract_inverted_index.practice,	138
abstract_inverted_index.theoretic	36
abstract_inverted_index.actionable	140
abstract_inverted_index.associated	3
abstract_inverted_index.challenges	16
abstract_inverted_index.conceptual	24
abstract_inverted_index.delivering	139
abstract_inverted_index.identifies	97
abstract_inverted_index.likelihood	69
abstract_inverted_index.predicting	18
abstract_inverted_index.quantifies	67, 101
abstract_inverted_index.scenarios.	62
abstract_inverted_index.assessment.	110
abstract_inverted_index.early-stage	136
abstract_inverted_index.engineering	137
abstract_inverted_index.identifying	84
abstract_inverted_index.integrating	34
abstract_inverted_index.methodology	33, 89
abstract_inverted_index.risk-averse	114
abstract_inverted_index.significant	15
abstract_inverted_index.theoretical	132
abstract_inverted_index.demonstrates	125
abstract_inverted_index.established.	48
abstract_inverted_index.incorporates	105
abstract_inverted_index.interactions	10
abstract_inverted_index.quantitative	108
abstract_inverted_index.Subsequently,	63
abstract_inverted_index.comprehensive	92
abstract_inverted_index.framework’s	127
abstract_inverted_index.high-pressure	5
abstract_inverted_index.risk-inducing	86
abstract_inverted_index.uncertainties	78, 106
abstract_inverted_index.zero-emission	144
abstract_inverted_index.architectures,	13
abstract_inverted_index.effectiveness.	128
abstract_inverted_index.probabilities,	103
abstract_inverted_index.electromechanical	9
abstract_inverted_index.hydrogen–electric	118
cited_by_percentile_year
corresponding_author_ids	https://openalex.org/A5008563489
countries_distinct_count	1
institutions_distinct_count	7
corresponding_institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I153806059
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.23353395
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	False