Risk factors for hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia: A case–control study Article Swipe
Mohd Azri Mohd Suan
,
Salmiah Md Said
,
Poh Ying Lim
,
Ahmad Zaid Fattah Azman
,
Muhammad Radzi Abu Hassan
·
YOU?
·
· 2019
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224459
YOU?
·
· 2019
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224459
Hepatitis C infection is a global public health problem. This study was designed to identify the risk factors associated with hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia. A matched, hospital-based, case-control study was conducted at a tertiary hospital. Cases were adult (aged ≥ 18 years) patients with positive serology test results for hepatitis C virus antibody and detectable hepatitis C virus RNA from January 2015 to December 2018, and controls were age-, sex- and ethnicity-matched patients who were not infected with hepatitis C virus. Self-administered questionnaires were used to collect data on demographic characteristics and previous exposure to selected risk factors among the study participants. Associations between hepatitis C and demographic and risk factors were assessed using univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses. A total of 255 case-control patient pairs were enrolled. The multivariable analysis indicated that having a history of blood or blood product transfusion before 1992 (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 6.99, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.73-13.81), injection drug use (AOR = 6.60, 95% CI: 3.66-12.43), imprisonment (AOR = 4.58, 95% CI: 1.62-16.40), tattooing (AOR = 3.73, 95% CI: 1.37-12.00), having more than one sexual partner (AOR = 2.06, 95% CI: 1.16-3.69), piercing (AOR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.04-2.80), and having only secondary education (AOR = 1.92, 95% CI: 1.06-3.57) were independently associated with hepatitis C. No associations were found between health care occupation, needle-prick injury, surgical procedures, haemodialysis, acupuncture, cupping, or contact sports and hepatitis C infection. These findings demonstrate that hepatitis C risk is multifactorial. Having a history of blood or blood product transfusion before 1992, injection drug use, imprisonment, tattooing, having more than one sexual partner, piercing, and having only secondary education were associated with increased odds of hepatitis C.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224459
- https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0224459&type=printable
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 31
- References
- 35
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W2982706738
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W2982706738Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224459Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Risk factors for hepatitis C infection among adult patients in Kedah state, Malaysia: A case–control studyWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2019Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2019-10-29Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Mohd Azri Mohd Suan, Salmiah Md Said, Poh Ying Lim, Ahmad Zaid Fattah Azman, Muhammad Radzi Abu HassanList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0224459Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
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https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0224459&type=printableDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
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YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
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https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0224459&type=printableDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Medicine, Odds ratio, Internal medicine, Hepatitis C, Confidence interval, Case-control study, Viral hepatitis, Hepatitis, Hepatitis B, Logistic regression, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis C virus, Immunology, VirusTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
31Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 6, 2024: 7, 2023: 7, 2022: 4, 2021: 5Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
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35Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.Kedah | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.These | 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.[AOR] | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.[CI]: | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adult | 24, 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.age-, | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.among | 23, 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.blood | 144, 146, 256, 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.found | 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pairs | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ratio | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 10, 34, 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.total | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.virus | 57, 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Having | 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.before | 149, 261 |
| abstract_inverted_index.global | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.having | 140, 185, 205, 268, 276 |
| abstract_inverted_index.health | 7, 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.public | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sexual | 189, 272 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sports | 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.state, | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.virus. | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.years) | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.January | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 109, 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.collect | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contact | 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factors | 17, 103, 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.history | 142, 254 |
| abstract_inverted_index.injury, | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.partner | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patient | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.product | 147, 259 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.December | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.antibody | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assessed | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.controls | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cupping, | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.designed | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exposure | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings | 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identify | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.infected | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interval | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.logistic | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.matched, | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.partner, | 273 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patients | 25, 48, 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.piercing | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.positive | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.previous | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.problem. | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.selected | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.serology | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.surgical | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tertiary | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(adjusted | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Hepatitis | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Malaysia. | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyses. | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducted | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.education | 208, 279 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enrolled. | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hepatitis | 20, 55, 61, 84, 110, 219, 240, 247, 286 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hospital. | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increased | 283 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicated | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.infection | 2, 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.injection | 162, 263 |
| abstract_inverted_index.piercing, | 274 |
| abstract_inverted_index.secondary | 207, 278 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tattooing | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.06-3.57) | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.associated | 18, 217, 281 |
| abstract_inverted_index.confidence | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detectable | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.infection. | 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regression | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tattooing, | 267 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.04-2.80), | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.16-3.69), | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demographic | 95, 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrate | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.occupation, | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.procedures, | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transfusion | 148, 260 |
| abstract_inverted_index.univariable | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.37-12.00), | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.62-16.40), | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3.66-12.43), | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3.73-13.81), | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Associations | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.acupuncture, | 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.associations | 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.case-control | 33, 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.imprisonment | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.needle-prick | 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.imprisonment, | 266 |
| abstract_inverted_index.independently | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multivariable | 122, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.participants. | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.haemodialysis, | 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.questionnaires | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characteristics | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hospital-based, | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multifactorial. | 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Self-administered | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ethnicity-matched | 77 |
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| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 94 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5013835337, https://openalex.org/A5026259568, https://openalex.org/A5113542584, https://openalex.org/A5067502773, https://openalex.org/A5050981086 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 5 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I105292261, https://openalex.org/I130343225, https://openalex.org/I4210149189 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.7599999904632568 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Good health and well-being |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.83325956 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |