Second-event endpoints (EFS2, PRFS2 and PFS2) after anti-PD-(L)1-based RCTs: a systematic review and meta-analysis Article Swipe
Pablo Jiménez-Labaig
,
Oriol Mirallas
,
Aurelio Quesada
,
Antonio Rullan
,
Teresa Amaral
,
Josep Tabernero
,
Kevin J. Harrington
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2025-013072
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2025-013072
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly anti-PD-(L)1s, have transformed cancer care by their extended efficacy, even receiving next-line. Event-free survival 2 (EFS2), progression/recurrence-free survival 2 (PRFS2) and progression-free survival 2 (PFS2) capture the time from randomization to objective recurrence/progression or death on the first subsequent therapy, potentially offering a more accurate measure of durable benefit than first-event endpoints. Our aim is to review the magnitude of this benefit and evaluate long-term endpoints as surrogates for overall survival (OS) in immunotherapy for solid malignancies. Methods A Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis searched Web of Science, National Institutes of Health Clinical Trials Registry, American Society of Clinical Oncology and European Society of Medical Oncology conference databases from inception until June 12, 2025, for anti-PD-(L)1-based randomized controlled phase II/III clinical trials (RCTs) in patients with solid malignancies that reported EFS2, PRFS2 or PFS2. HRs comparing ICI and non-ICI arms were pooled using a random-effects meta-analytic approach. Sensitivity analyses and meta-regressions assessed effect modifiers. A linear regression compared EFS2/PRFS2/PFS2 and EFS/disease-free survival (DFS)/PFS versus OS HRs. Results 47 RCTs met inclusion criteria from 2,078 citations, comprising 58 intervention comparisons (ICs) and 34,973 patients. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) was the most investigated tumor (17 RCTs). Anti-PD-(L)1s performed generally worse when administered as a subsequent therapy in non-ICI-experienced patients (p<0.05). Early anti-PD-(L)1 use was associated with significantly improved EFS2/PRFS2/PFS2 (HR 0.72; 95% CI 0.68 to 0.76), with consistent findings across curative and recurrent/metastatic settings, and particularly strong effects in RCTs involving patients with deficient mismatch repair or high microsatellite instability tumors and those with more radiological responses. In 54 ICs reporting both OS and EFS2/PRFS2/PFS2 HRs, a strong correlation (R²=0.74) was observed across all RCTs, and an even stronger 0.86 specifically among patients with NSCLC (22 ICs). Conversely, EFS/DFS/PFS presented R² 0.39 across all RCTs (51 ICs), and 0.65 in NSCLC (21 ICs; p<0.01). Conclusions Early use of anti-PD-(L)1 therapy is associated with prolonged disease control and may be linked to enhanced responsiveness to subsequent therapies, mostly based on NSCLC data. Additionally, EFS2/PRFS2/PFS2 are solid candidate surrogates for OS and could be considered for routine inclusion and prespecified into immunotherapy RCTs to better capture long-term benefit and inform regulatory, clinical, and reimbursement decision-making. PROSPERO registration number CRD42024585378.
Related Topics
Concepts
No concepts available.
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2025-013072
- OA Status
- gold
- References
- 78
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4416827123
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4416827123Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2025-013072Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Second-event endpoints (EFS2, PRFS2 and PFS2) after anti-PD-(L)1-based RCTs: a systematic review and meta-analysisWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-11-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Pablo Jiménez-Labaig, Oriol Mirallas, Aurelio Quesada, Antonio Rullan, Teresa Amaral, Josep Tabernero, Kevin J. HarringtonList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2025-013072Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2025-013072Direct OA link when available
- Cited by
-
0Total citation count in OpenAlex
- References (count)
-
78Number of works referenced by this work
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4416827123 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2025-013072 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2025-013072 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41314984 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4416827123 |
| fwci | |
| mesh[0].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[0].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[0].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[0].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[0].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[1].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[1].descriptor_ui | D016032 |
| mesh[1].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[1].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[1].descriptor_name | Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic |
| mesh[2].qualifier_ui | Q000627 |
| mesh[2].descriptor_ui | D000082082 |
| mesh[2].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[2].qualifier_name | therapeutic use |
| mesh[2].descriptor_name | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors |
| mesh[3].qualifier_ui | Q000494 |
| mesh[3].descriptor_ui | D000082082 |
| mesh[3].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[3].qualifier_name | pharmacology |
| mesh[3].descriptor_name | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors |
| mesh[4].qualifier_ui | Q000188 |
| mesh[4].descriptor_ui | D009369 |
| mesh[4].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[4].qualifier_name | drug therapy |
| mesh[4].descriptor_name | Neoplasms |
| mesh[5].qualifier_ui | Q000401 |
| mesh[5].descriptor_ui | D009369 |
| mesh[5].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[5].qualifier_name | mortality |
| mesh[5].descriptor_name | Neoplasms |
| mesh[6].qualifier_ui | Q000276 |
| mesh[6].descriptor_ui | D009369 |
| mesh[6].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[6].qualifier_name | immunology |
| mesh[6].descriptor_name | Neoplasms |
| mesh[7].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_ui | D000077982 |
| mesh[7].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[7].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_name | Progression-Free Survival |
| mesh[8].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[8].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[8].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[8].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[8].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[9].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[9].descriptor_ui | D016032 |
| mesh[9].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[9].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[9].descriptor_name | Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic |
| mesh[10].qualifier_ui | Q000627 |
| mesh[10].descriptor_ui | D000082082 |
| mesh[10].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[10].qualifier_name | therapeutic use |
| mesh[10].descriptor_name | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors |
| mesh[11].qualifier_ui | Q000494 |
| mesh[11].descriptor_ui | D000082082 |
| mesh[11].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[11].qualifier_name | pharmacology |
| mesh[11].descriptor_name | Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors |
| mesh[12].qualifier_ui | Q000188 |
| mesh[12].descriptor_ui | D009369 |
| mesh[12].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[12].qualifier_name | drug therapy |
| mesh[12].descriptor_name | Neoplasms |
| mesh[13].qualifier_ui | Q000401 |
| mesh[13].descriptor_ui | D009369 |
| mesh[13].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[13].qualifier_name | mortality |
| mesh[13].descriptor_name | Neoplasms |
| mesh[14].qualifier_ui | Q000276 |
| mesh[14].descriptor_ui | D009369 |
| mesh[14].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[14].qualifier_name | immunology |
| mesh[14].descriptor_name | Neoplasms |
| mesh[15].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[15].descriptor_ui | D000077982 |
| mesh[15].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[15].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[15].descriptor_name | Progression-Free Survival |
| type | article |
| title | Second-event endpoints (EFS2, PRFS2 and PFS2) after anti-PD-(L)1-based RCTs: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
| biblio.issue | 11 |
| biblio.volume | 13 |
| biblio.last_page | e013072 |
| biblio.first_page | e013072 |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2600 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2600 |
| apc_paid.value | 2600 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2600 |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1136/jitc-2025-013072 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2754803477 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2051-1426 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2051-1426 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319945 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | BMJ |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319945 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | BMJ |
| locations[0].license | cc-by-nc |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2025-013072 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:41314984 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Journal for immunotherapy of cancer |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41314984 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:36ebbddc24ca46c2aa36e538b79f7d53 |
| locations[2].is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[2].license | |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | article |
| locations[2].license_id | |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer, Vol 13, Iss 11 (2025) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/36ebbddc24ca46c2aa36e538b79f7d53 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5077187032 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7695-675X |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Pablo Jiménez-Labaig |
| authorships[0].countries | ES, GB |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I142947616 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1325846038 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Head and Neck Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK [email protected]. |
| authorships[0].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I123044942 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I123044942 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/052g8jq94 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I123044942 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I142947616 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/043jzw605 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I124357947, https://openalex.org/I142947616 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | Institute of Cancer Research |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I1325846038 |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/0008wzh48 |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].type | healthcare |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1325846038 |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].country_code | GB |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].display_name | Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Pablo Jimenez |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain., Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK., Head and Neck Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK [email protected]. |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5073308887 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8492-5195 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Oriol Mirallas |
| authorships[1].countries | ES, PS |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I122544976 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain. |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210102407 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain. |
| authorships[1].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I123044942 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I123044942 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/052g8jq94 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I123044942 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I4210102407 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01d5vx451 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | facility |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210102407, https://openalex.org/I4387153040 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | ES |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I122544976 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/04wwgp209 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I122544976 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].country_code | PS |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].display_name | Hebron University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Oriol Mirallas |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain., Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain., Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain. |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5070418937 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4709-1993 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Aurelio Quesada |
| authorships[2].countries | CH |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I97565354 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Service of Immuno-oncology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I97565354 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/019whta54 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I97565354 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | CH |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | University of Lausanne |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Ana Martin Quesada |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Service of Immuno-oncology, Department of Oncology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5024885351 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7365-9629 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Antonio Rullan |
| authorships[3].countries | GB |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I2801138448 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Clinical Research Facility, The Royal Free London NHS Hospital, London, UK. |
| authorships[3].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK. |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I2801138448 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01ge67z96 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I169248724, https://openalex.org/I2801138448 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | The Royal Free Hospital |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/02jx3x895 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I124357947, https://openalex.org/I45129253 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].display_name | University College London |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Antonio Rullan |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Clinical Research Facility, The Royal Free London NHS Hospital, London, UK., Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London, UK. |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5055605020 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2516-5181 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Teresa Amaral |
| authorships[4].countries | DE |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies, Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180), Tübingen, Germany. |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I8087733 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Center for Dermato-oncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tübingen, Germany. |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I8087733 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/03a1kwz48 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I8087733 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | DE |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | University of Tübingen |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Teresa Amaral |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Center for Dermato-oncology, Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tübingen, Germany., Image-Guided and Functionally Instructed Tumor Therapies, Cluster of Excellence iFIT (EXC 2180), Tübingen, Germany. |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5015190461 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2495-8139 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Josep Tabernero |
| authorships[5].countries | ES, PS |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I122544976 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain. |
| authorships[5].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I4210102407 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain. |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I4210102407 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01d5vx451 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210102407, https://openalex.org/I4387153040 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I122544976 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/04wwgp209 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I122544976 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].country_code | PS |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].display_name | Hebron University |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Josep Tabernero |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Medical Oncology, Vall d'Hebron University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain., Vall d'Hebron Institut d'Oncologia, Barcelona, Spain. |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5072284989 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6014-348X |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Kevin J. Harrington |
| authorships[6].countries | GB |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I142947616 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK. |
| authorships[6].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1325846038 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Head and Neck Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I142947616 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/043jzw605 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I124357947, https://openalex.org/I142947616 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | Institute of Cancer Research |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I1325846038 |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/0008wzh48 |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].type | healthcare |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1325846038 |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].display_name | Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust |
| authorships[6].author_position | middle |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Kevin J Harrington |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | Division of Radiotherapy and Imaging, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK., Head and Neck Unit, The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2025-013072 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-11-28T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Second-event endpoints (EFS2, PRFS2 and PFS2) after anti-PD-(L)1-based RCTs: a systematic review and meta-analysis |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-12-01T00:07:19.613710 |
| primary_topic | |
| cited_by_count | 0 |
| locations_count | 3 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1136/jitc-2025-013072 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2754803477 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2051-1426 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2051-1426 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319945 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | BMJ |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319945 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | BMJ |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by-nc |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2025-013072 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1136/jitc-2025-013072 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2754803477 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2051-1426 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2051-1426 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319945 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | BMJ |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319945 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | BMJ |
| primary_location.license | cc-by-nc |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1136/jitc-2025-013072 |
| publication_date | 2025-11-01 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W4206662285, https://openalex.org/W3154805493, https://openalex.org/W2198093519, https://openalex.org/W3045946240, https://openalex.org/W4383067451, https://openalex.org/W2891457349, https://openalex.org/W4297339120, https://openalex.org/W3119636307, https://openalex.org/W2123363005, https://openalex.org/W2097995306, https://openalex.org/W4389559408, https://openalex.org/W4289774733, https://openalex.org/W4206524087, https://openalex.org/W1971159432, https://openalex.org/W3118615836, https://openalex.org/W3151104752, https://openalex.org/W4295131531, https://openalex.org/W2970684805, https://openalex.org/W2157823046, https://openalex.org/W3022995359, https://openalex.org/W2990633213, https://openalex.org/W4410421647, https://openalex.org/W3087466624, https://openalex.org/W3148827278, https://openalex.org/W4387666867, https://openalex.org/W4295836994, https://openalex.org/W4392542906, https://openalex.org/W4223502512, https://openalex.org/W4210772672, https://openalex.org/W2947750888, https://openalex.org/W4394892953, https://openalex.org/W4403320624, https://openalex.org/W4210696432, https://openalex.org/W4220909053, https://openalex.org/W4387849849, https://openalex.org/W4399452604, https://openalex.org/W4404784379, https://openalex.org/W3110528877, https://openalex.org/W4281627748, https://openalex.org/W4380758100, https://openalex.org/W4294100626, https://openalex.org/W4304474516, https://openalex.org/W2903493423, https://openalex.org/W4377020104, https://openalex.org/W3008027480, https://openalex.org/W4315884147, https://openalex.org/W4391091522, https://openalex.org/W3121907365, https://openalex.org/W3182948012, https://openalex.org/W2910245285, https://openalex.org/W4307585126, https://openalex.org/W3152878368, https://openalex.org/W4319068412, https://openalex.org/W3016210953, https://openalex.org/W4304780383, https://openalex.org/W4308179948, https://openalex.org/W4392554447, https://openalex.org/W4387840851, https://openalex.org/W4360991857, https://openalex.org/W4399916978, https://openalex.org/W4365503784, https://openalex.org/W4389229205, https://openalex.org/W4322422773, https://openalex.org/W4399394190, https://openalex.org/W3005376436, https://openalex.org/W4394685401, https://openalex.org/W4281783912, https://openalex.org/W1940241680, https://openalex.org/W4313237071, https://openalex.org/W4399451413, https://openalex.org/W4214818790, https://openalex.org/W2806832126, https://openalex.org/W4387865643, https://openalex.org/W2998269674, https://openalex.org/W2803289578, https://openalex.org/W4206535356, https://openalex.org/W4319455326, https://openalex.org/W2759561703 |
| referenced_works_count | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2 | 20, 24, 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 84, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 48, 156, 215, 278 |
| abstract_inverted_index.47 | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.54 | 270 |
| abstract_inverted_index.58 | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CI | 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 269 |
| abstract_inverted_index.OS | 177, 274, 350 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 288 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 72, 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 330, 353 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 78, 136, 218, 250, 311 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 60, 322 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 52, 65, 99, 103, 110, 116, 319 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 41, 340 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 39, 145, 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 36, 61, 236, 332, 335, 363 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(17 | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(21 | 313 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(22 | 297 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(51 | 307 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(HR | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.12, | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.95% | 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.HRs | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ICI | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ICs | 271 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Our | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.R² | 302 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Web | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aim | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.all | 285, 305 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 26, 68, 91, 95, 113, 150, 162, 172, 193, 243, 246, 263, 275, 287, 309, 328, 351, 358, 368, 372 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 345 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 74, 80, 88, 127, 349, 355 |
| abstract_inverted_index.may | 329 |
| abstract_inverted_index.met | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 32, 42, 63, 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use | 224, 318 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 201, 225, 282 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(OS) | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.39 | 303 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.65 | 310 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.68 | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.86 | 291 |
| abstract_inverted_index.HRs, | 277 |
| abstract_inverted_index.HRs. | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ICs; | 314 |
| abstract_inverted_index.June | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.RCTs | 181, 251, 306, 362 |
| abstract_inverted_index.arms | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.both | 273 |
| abstract_inverted_index.care | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cell | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.even | 15, 289 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 34, 121, 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 259 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 360 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lung | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 49, 266 |
| abstract_inverted_index.most | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.when | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 138, 227, 238, 254, 265, 295, 324 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(ICs) | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.72; | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2,078 | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2025, | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.EFS2, | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Early | 222, 317 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ICs), | 308 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ICs). | 298 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Items | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.NSCLC | 296, 312, 341 |
| abstract_inverted_index.PFS2. | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.PRFS2 | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.RCTs, | 286 |
| abstract_inverted_index.among | 293 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 339 |
| abstract_inverted_index.could | 352 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data. | 342 |
| abstract_inverted_index.death | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phase | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solid | 81, 139, 346 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.those | 264 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tumor | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.until | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.worse | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(PFS2) | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(RCTs) | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.76), | 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.34,973 | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Health | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.II/III | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Immune | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.RCTs). | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Trials | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.across | 241, 284, 304 |
| abstract_inverted_index.better | 364 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cancer | 9, 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effect | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inform | 369 |
| abstract_inverted_index.linear | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.linked | 331 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mostly | 338 |
| abstract_inverted_index.number | 377 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pooled | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.repair | 257 |
| abstract_inverted_index.review | 62, 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strong | 248, 279 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trials | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tumors | 262 |
| abstract_inverted_index.versus | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(EFS2), | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(ICIs), | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(NSCLC) | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(PRFS2) | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Medical | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Methods | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Results | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Reviews | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Society | 109, 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.benefit | 54, 67, 367 |
| abstract_inverted_index.capture | 31, 365 |
| abstract_inverted_index.control | 327 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disease | 326 |
| abstract_inverted_index.durable | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effects | 249 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measure | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.non-ICI | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.overall | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.routine | 356 |
| abstract_inverted_index.therapy | 217, 321 |
| abstract_inverted_index.American | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Clinical | 105, 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.European | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.National | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Oncology | 112, 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.PROSPERO | 375 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Science, | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accurate | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyses | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assessed | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clinical | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compared | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.criteria | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.curative | 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enhanced | 333 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluate | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extended | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings | 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improved | 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mismatch | 256 |
| abstract_inverted_index.observed | 283 |
| abstract_inverted_index.offering | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patients | 137, 220, 253, 294 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reported | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.searched | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stronger | 290 |
| abstract_inverted_index.survival | 19, 23, 28, 76, 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.therapy, | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(DFS)/PFS | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Non-small | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Preferred | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Registry, | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Reporting | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approach. | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.candidate | 347 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clinical, | 371 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comparing | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.databases | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deficient | 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficacy, | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.endpoints | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generally | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inception | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inclusion | 183, 357 |
| abstract_inverted_index.involving | 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.long-term | 70, 366 |
| abstract_inverted_index.magnitude | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.objective | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patients. | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performed | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presented | 301 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prolonged | 325 |
| abstract_inverted_index.receiving | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reporting | 272 |
| abstract_inverted_index.settings, | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(R²=0.74) | 281 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Background | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Event-free | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Institutes | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Systematic | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.associated | 226, 323 |
| abstract_inverted_index.checkpoint | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.citations, | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comprising | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conference | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considered | 354 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consistent | 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.controlled | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.endpoints. | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inhibitors | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modifiers. | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.next-line. | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.randomized | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regression | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.responses. | 268 |
| abstract_inverted_index.subsequent | 44, 216, 336 |
| abstract_inverted_index.surrogates | 73, 348 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systematic | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.therapies, | 337 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Conclusions | 316 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Conversely, | 299 |
| abstract_inverted_index.EFS/DFS/PFS | 300 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Sensitivity | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comparisons | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.correlation | 280 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first-event | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.instability | 261 |
| abstract_inverted_index.p<0.01). | 315 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potentially | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regulatory, | 370 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transformed | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(p<0.05). | 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.administered | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.anti-PD-(L)1 | 223, 320 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intervention | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigated | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.malignancies | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.particularly | 5, 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prespecified | 359 |
| abstract_inverted_index.radiological | 267 |
| abstract_inverted_index.registration | 376 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specifically | 292 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Additionally, | 343 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Anti-PD-(L)1s | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.immunotherapy | 79, 361 |
| abstract_inverted_index.malignancies. | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meta-analysis | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meta-analytic | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.randomization | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reimbursement | 373 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significantly | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.anti-PD-(L)1s, | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.microsatellite | 260 |
| abstract_inverted_index.random-effects | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.responsiveness | 334 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CRD42024585378. | 378 |
| abstract_inverted_index.EFS2/PRFS2/PFS2 | 171, 230, 276, 344 |
| abstract_inverted_index.EFS/disease-free | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decision-making. | 374 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meta-regressions | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.progression-free | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.anti-PD-(L)1-based | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.non-ICI-experienced | 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recurrent/metastatic | 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recurrence/progression | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Meta-Analyses-compliant | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.progression/recurrence-free | 22 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| countries_distinct_count | 5 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 7 |
| citation_normalized_percentile |