Shape Based Pakistan Sign Language Categorization Using Statistical Features and Support Vector Machines Article Swipe
Syed Muhammad Saqlain
,
Husnain Abbas Naqvi
,
Javed Khan
,
Muhammad Ramzan
,
Zulqarnain
,
Hikmat Ullah Khan
·
YOU?
·
· 2018
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2872670
YOU?
·
· 2018
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2872670
All over the world, deaf use sign language to communicate each other. The signs are built and communicated through movements and the shapes of the hands. Pakistan sign language (PSL) is used by the deaf community of Pakistan. Automatic recognition of PSL alphabets into the predefined categories is presented here. The seven categories are defined using the visibility, shape, and the orientations of both the fingers and the hand. The histograms of the uniform local binary (lbp) for the neighboring distance of one, two, and three are computed and concatenated to form a single vector. At a later step, six statistical features of the combined histogram are computed, i.e., standard deviation, variance, skewness, kurtosis, entropy, and energy. The classification is achieved using support vector machines (SVMs). The modality of one-verses-one is used for the adoption of binary SVM into the multi-class SVM. The proposed technique is validated over the data set of 3414 PSL signs, taken through the help of seven native signers. The performance of the proposed technique is evaluated by precision, recall, accuracy, and f-measure, while it is elaborated through the classification matrix, tabular, and graph representations.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2872670
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 19
- References
- 30
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W2895587657
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W2895587657Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2872670Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Shape Based Pakistan Sign Language Categorization Using Statistical Features and Support Vector MachinesWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2018Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2018-01-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Syed Muhammad Saqlain, Husnain Abbas Naqvi, Javed Khan, Muhammad Ramzan, Zulqarnain, Hikmat Ullah KhanList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2872670Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2872670Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Support vector machine, Histogram, Pattern recognition (psychology), Computer science, Artificial intelligence, Kurtosis, Sign language, Entropy (arrow of time), Local binary patterns, Skewness, Speech recognition, Mathematics, Statistics, Quantum mechanics, Linguistics, Physics, Philosophy, Image (mathematics)Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
19Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 4, 2024: 2, 2023: 2, 2022: 6, 2021: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
30Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W2895587657 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2872670 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2872670 |
| ids.mag | 2895587657 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W2895587657 |
| fwci | 1.01180455 |
| type | article |
| title | Shape Based Pakistan Sign Language Categorization Using Statistical Features and Support Vector Machines |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 6 |
| biblio.last_page | 59252 |
| biblio.first_page | 59242 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11398 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1709 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Human-Computer Interaction |
| topics[0].display_name | Hand Gesture Recognition Systems |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11285 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/32 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Psychology |
| topics[1].score | 0.9552000164985657 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3204 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Developmental and Educational Psychology |
| topics[1].display_name | Hearing Impairment and Communication |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1850 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1850 |
| apc_paid.value | 1850 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1850 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C12267149 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.830422043800354 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Support vector machine |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C53533937 |
| concepts[1].level | 3 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6887677907943726 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Histogram |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C153180895 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.658961832523346 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Pattern recognition (psychology) |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[3].level | 0 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.6461159586906433 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C154945302 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.5874148607254028 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C166963901 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.5582992434501648 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287251 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Kurtosis |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C522192633 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.49923014640808105 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34228 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Sign language |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C106301342 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.4526866674423218 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Entropy (arrow of time) |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C87335442 |
| concepts[8].level | 4 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.4488004148006439 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Local binary patterns |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C122342681 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.4304952323436737 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330828 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Skewness |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C28490314 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.3387894630432129 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Speech recognition |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C33923547 |
| concepts[11].level | 0 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.2882794141769409 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Mathematics |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C105795698 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.18335705995559692 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Statistics |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C62520636 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Quantum mechanics |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C41895202 |
| concepts[14].level | 1 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Linguistics |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[15].level | 0 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C138885662 |
| concepts[16].level | 0 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Philosophy |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C115961682 |
| concepts[17].level | 2 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Image (mathematics) |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine |
| keywords[0].score | 0.830422043800354 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Support vector machine |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6887677907943726 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Histogram |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition |
| keywords[2].score | 0.658961832523346 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Pattern recognition (psychology) |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[3].score | 0.6461159586906433 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence |
| keywords[4].score | 0.5874148607254028 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/kurtosis |
| keywords[5].score | 0.5582992434501648 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Kurtosis |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/sign-language |
| keywords[6].score | 0.49923014640808105 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Sign language |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy |
| keywords[7].score | 0.4526866674423218 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Entropy (arrow of time) |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns |
| keywords[8].score | 0.4488004148006439 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Local binary patterns |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/skewness |
| keywords[9].score | 0.4304952323436737 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Skewness |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition |
| keywords[10].score | 0.3387894630432129 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Speech recognition |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics |
| keywords[11].score | 0.2882794141769409 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Mathematics |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics |
| keywords[12].score | 0.18335705995559692 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Statistics |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1109/access.2018.2872670 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].license | |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2872670 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec5422689d5e48bcbfb5e42f8e5c94f9 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].license | cc-by-sa |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | IEEE Access, Vol 6, Pp 59242-59252 (2018) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/ec5422689d5e48bcbfb5e42f8e5c94f9 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5049357163 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1274-5168 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Syed Muhammad Saqlain |
| authorships[0].countries | PK |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I121243025 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, International Islamic University at Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I121243025 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/047w75g40 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I121243025 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | PK |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | International Islamic University, Islamabad |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Syed Muhammad Saqlain Shah |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, International Islamic University at Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5108667077 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Husnain Abbas Naqvi |
| authorships[1].countries | PK |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I121243025 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, International Islamic University at Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I121243025 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/047w75g40 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I121243025 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | PK |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | International Islamic University, Islamabad |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Husnain Abbas Naqvi |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, International Islamic University at Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5017638182 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5858-0488 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Javed Khan |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I149910238 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computer Science, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I149910238 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/049pfb863 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I149910238 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Kent State University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Javed I. Khan |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Computer Science, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5059496118 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1770-8905 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Muhammad Ramzan |
| authorships[3].countries | PK |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I160968435 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Computer Science and IT Department, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I160968435 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0086rpr26 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I160968435 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | PK |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | University of Sargodha |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Muhammad Ramzan |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Computer Science and IT Department, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5097677976 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Zulqarnain |
| authorships[4].countries | PK |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I121243025 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, International Islamic University at Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I121243025 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/047w75g40 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I121243025 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | PK |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | International Islamic University, Islamabad |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | None Zulqarnain |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Computer Science and Software Engineering, International Islamic University at Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5073826651 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8178-6652 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Hikmat Ullah Khan |
| authorships[5].countries | PK |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I16076960 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantonment, Pakistan |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I16076960 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00nqqvk19 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I16076960 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | PK |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | COMSATS University Islamabad |
| authorships[5].author_position | last |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Hikmat Ullah Khan |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Computer Science, COMSATS University Islamabad, Wah Campus, Wah Cantonment, Pakistan |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2872670 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Shape Based Pakistan Sign Language Categorization Using Statistical Features and Support Vector Machines |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11398 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Computer Science |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1709 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Human-Computer Interaction |
| primary_topic.display_name | Hand Gesture Recognition Systems |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W4225568567, https://openalex.org/W4286378979, https://openalex.org/W1496883226, https://openalex.org/W4297337052, https://openalex.org/W2028605949, https://openalex.org/W2282665605, https://openalex.org/W3216026256, https://openalex.org/W3129919015, https://openalex.org/W4390742338, https://openalex.org/W2037499216 |
| cited_by_count | 19 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 6 |
| counts_by_year[4].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[4].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[5].year | 2020 |
| counts_by_year[5].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[6].year | 2019 |
| counts_by_year[6].cited_by_count | 2 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2018.2872670 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.license | |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2872670 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2018.2872670 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.license | |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2018.2872670 |
| publication_date | 2018-01-01 |
| publication_year | 2018 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2063465899, https://openalex.org/W3217556414, https://openalex.org/W4253573882, https://openalex.org/W2054697143, https://openalex.org/W6754989962, https://openalex.org/W2293407568, https://openalex.org/W2482513306, https://openalex.org/W2291191262, https://openalex.org/W6611204946, https://openalex.org/W2331010188, https://openalex.org/W2116444583, https://openalex.org/W6715874156, https://openalex.org/W2793767092, https://openalex.org/W2094489557, https://openalex.org/W328363538, https://openalex.org/W2048399411, https://openalex.org/W6639725636, https://openalex.org/W6632840771, https://openalex.org/W2802474463, https://openalex.org/W2566731389, https://openalex.org/W2726128874, https://openalex.org/W2733541001, https://openalex.org/W2570944269, https://openalex.org/W2798094831, https://openalex.org/W2415417394, https://openalex.org/W4300406642, https://openalex.org/W1906915714, https://openalex.org/W2891249878, https://openalex.org/W1550181647, https://openalex.org/W321200770 |
| referenced_works_count | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 92, 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.At | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 32, 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 30, 47, 119, 130, 145, 169, 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 23, 36, 40, 62, 71, 81, 102, 128, 135, 151, 159, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 8, 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.All | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.PSL | 41, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.SVM | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 12, 50, 69, 117, 126, 142, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 16, 20, 59, 66, 84, 88, 115, 175, 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 14, 53, 86, 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 77, 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.set | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.six | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 2, 21, 24, 33, 44, 56, 60, 64, 67, 72, 78, 103, 133, 139, 148, 157, 166, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3414 | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.SVM. | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.both | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deaf | 4, 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.each | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.form | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.help | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 43, 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.one, | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 1, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sign | 6, 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two, | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 31, 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(PSL) | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(lbp) | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.built | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.graph | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hand. | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.here. | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.i.e., | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.later | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.local | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.seven | 51, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.signs | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.step, | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.taken | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.three | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 55, 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.binary | 75, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hands. | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.native | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other. | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shape, | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shapes | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.signs, | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.single | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vector | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.world, | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(SVMs). | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.defined | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.energy. | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fingers | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.matrix, | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recall, | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.support | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.through | 18, 156, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uniform | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vector. | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Pakistan | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achieved | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adoption | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.combined | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.computed | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distance | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.entropy, | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.features | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.language | 7, 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.machines | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modality | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposed | 143, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.signers. | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.standard | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tabular, | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Automatic | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Pakistan. | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accuracy, | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.alphabets | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.community | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.computed, | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluated | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.histogram | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.kurtosis, | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.movements | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presented | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.skewness, | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technique | 144, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.validated | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variance, | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.categories | 46, 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deviation, | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.elaborated | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.f-measure, | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.histograms | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.precision, | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predefined | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.communicate | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multi-class | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.neighboring | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performance | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recognition | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.statistical | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.visibility, | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.communicated | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concatenated | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.orientations | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.classification | 118, 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.one-verses-one | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.representations. | 188 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 98 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 6 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8100000023841858 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Quality Education |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.75524269 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |