SHPB Experiment and MPM Simulation on Dynamic Properties of Unsaturated Clay Under Impact Loading Article Swipe
Yingkang Yao
,
Futian Zhao
,
Junjie Li
,
Jun Liu
,
Zhen Liu
,
Yue Wang
,
Ruihong Zhuang
,
Li Liu
,
Yanxia Zhao
,
Zequan Xu
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063123
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063123
Accurate characterization of soil dynamic response is paramount for geotechnical and protective engineering. However, the impact properties of unsaturated cohesive soil have not been well characterized due to lack of sufficient research. For this purpose, impact tests using the Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) were elaborately designed to investigate the dynamic stress–strain response of unsaturated clay with strain rates of 204~590 s−1. As the strain rate increased up to 500 s−1, a lock-up behavior was observed in the plastic flow stage, which can be explained as the breakage and rearrangement of soil gains under a high level of stress. Further, the strain rate dependency of the dynamic strength was quantitatively characterized by the Cowper Symonds (CS) model and the CS coefficients were determined to be the intercept of 55 and slope of 0.8 in the double logarithmic scale of Dynamic Increase Factor (DIF) and strain rate space. Furthermore, the SHPB test was reproduced using a modified Material Particle Method (MPM), which involves an improved dynamic constitutive model for unsaturated soil considering the strain rate effect. The simulated stress–strain curves basically agree with the experimental results, indicating the feasibility of MPM for investigating the dynamic properties of unsaturated soil under SHPB impact loading.
Related Topics
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063123
- https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/3123/pdf?version=1741874160
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 1
- References
- 46
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4408388537
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4408388537Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063123Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
SHPB Experiment and MPM Simulation on Dynamic Properties of Unsaturated Clay Under Impact LoadingWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-03-13Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Yingkang Yao, Futian Zhao, Junjie Li, Jun Liu, Zhen Liu, Yue Wang, Ruihong Zhuang, Li Liu, Yanxia Zhao, Zequan XuList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063123Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/3123/pdf?version=1741874160Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/3123/pdf?version=1741874160Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Geotechnical engineering, Materials science, GeologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
1Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
46Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4408388537 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063123 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063123 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4408388537 |
| fwci | 4.0917585 |
| type | article |
| title | SHPB Experiment and MPM Simulation on Dynamic Properties of Unsaturated Clay Under Impact Loading |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G4242054057 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | 51874118 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| awards[1].id | https://openalex.org/G1662105152 |
| awards[1].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| awards[1].display_name | |
| awards[1].funder_award_id | 52478525 |
| awards[1].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| biblio.issue | 6 |
| biblio.volume | 15 |
| biblio.last_page | 3123 |
| biblio.first_page | 3123 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11694 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.9997000098228455 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2206 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Computational Mechanics |
| topics[0].display_name | Fluid Dynamics Simulations and Interactions |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11699 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/25 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Materials Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9991999864578247 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2505 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Materials Chemistry |
| topics[1].display_name | High-Velocity Impact and Material Behavior |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10535 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[2].score | 0.9945999979972839 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2308 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law |
| topics[2].display_name | Landslides and related hazards |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/01h0zpd94 |
| funders[0].display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2300 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2490 |
| apc_paid.value | 2300 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2490 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C187320778 |
| concepts[0].level | 1 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.49334946274757385 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1349130 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Geotechnical engineering |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C192562407 |
| concepts[1].level | 0 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.43092548847198486 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Materials science |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C127313418 |
| concepts[2].level | 0 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.29425716400146484 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Geology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/geotechnical-engineering |
| keywords[0].score | 0.49334946274757385 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Geotechnical engineering |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science |
| keywords[1].score | 0.43092548847198486 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Materials science |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/geology |
| keywords[2].score | 0.29425716400146484 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Geology |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/app15063123 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210205812 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2076-3417 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2076-3417 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Applied Sciences |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/3123/pdf?version=1741874160 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Applied Sciences |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063123 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:e58fcc7f0fa54688972ca7e1a277a51b |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Applied Sciences, Vol 15, Iss 6, p 3123 (2025) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/e58fcc7f0fa54688972ca7e1a277a51b |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5046715755 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4613-4552 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Yingkang Yao |
| authorships[0].countries | CN |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I31590910 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I31590910 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I31590910 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/041c9x778 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I31590910 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Jianghan University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Yingkang Yao |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China, State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5042543887 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9973-122X |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Futian Zhao |
| authorships[1].countries | CN |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01wd4xt90 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Hohai University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Futian Zhao |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5101663303 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8849-3238 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Junjie Li |
| authorships[2].countries | CN |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01wd4xt90 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Hohai University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Junjie Li |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100786585 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6217-3466 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Jun Liu |
| authorships[3].countries | CN |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01wd4xt90 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Hohai University |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Jun Liu |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5013314484 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8013-3804 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Zhen Liu |
| authorships[4].countries | CN |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01wd4xt90 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Hohai University |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Zheng Liu |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100372050 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6226-4867 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Yue Wang |
| authorships[5].countries | CN |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01wd4xt90 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | Hohai University |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Yue Wang |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Harbour, Coastal and Offshore Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5116604204 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Ruihong Zhuang |
| authorships[6].countries | CN |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01wd4xt90 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | Hohai University |
| authorships[6].author_position | middle |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Ruihong Zhuang |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[7].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5103731567 |
| authorships[7].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0682-883X |
| authorships[7].author.display_name | Li Liu |
| authorships[7].countries | CN |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[7].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01wd4xt90 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[7].institutions[0].display_name | Hohai University |
| authorships[7].author_position | middle |
| authorships[7].raw_author_name | Li Liu |
| authorships[7].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[7].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[8].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100754731 |
| authorships[8].author.orcid | |
| authorships[8].author.display_name | Yanxia Zhao |
| authorships[8].countries | CN |
| authorships[8].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[8].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01wd4xt90 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[8].institutions[0].display_name | Hohai University |
| authorships[8].author_position | middle |
| authorships[8].raw_author_name | Yingbo Zhao |
| authorships[8].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[8].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[9].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5113004541 |
| authorships[9].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0009-0003-0409-1026 |
| authorships[9].author.display_name | Zequan Xu |
| authorships[9].countries | CN |
| authorships[9].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[9].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01wd4xt90 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I163340411 |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[9].institutions[0].display_name | Hohai University |
| authorships[9].author_position | last |
| authorships[9].raw_author_name | Zequan Xu |
| authorships[9].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[9].raw_affiliation_strings | College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/3123/pdf?version=1741874160 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | SHPB Experiment and MPM Simulation on Dynamic Properties of Unsaturated Clay Under Impact Loading |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11694 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9997000098228455 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2206 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Computational Mechanics |
| primary_topic.display_name | Fluid Dynamics Simulations and Interactions |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2899084033, https://openalex.org/W4404995717, https://openalex.org/W2016187641, https://openalex.org/W4404725684, https://openalex.org/W4246450666, https://openalex.org/W4388998267, https://openalex.org/W2898370298, https://openalex.org/W2137437058, https://openalex.org/W4408298383, https://openalex.org/W4405893659 |
| cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/app15063123 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210205812 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2076-3417 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2076-3417 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Applied Sciences |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/3123/pdf?version=1741874160 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Applied Sciences |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063123 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/app15063123 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210205812 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2076-3417 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2076-3417 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Applied Sciences |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/15/6/3123/pdf?version=1741874160 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Applied Sciences |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/app15063123 |
| publication_date | 2025-03-13 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2077892709, https://openalex.org/W2041501424, https://openalex.org/W2065186069, https://openalex.org/W2122598560, https://openalex.org/W3115795872, https://openalex.org/W3197956584, https://openalex.org/W2992216624, https://openalex.org/W3045591818, https://openalex.org/W4285729732, https://openalex.org/W2024359022, https://openalex.org/W2012544830, https://openalex.org/W1976610058, https://openalex.org/W1964202859, https://openalex.org/W1972493034, https://openalex.org/W2071782465, https://openalex.org/W2049850585, https://openalex.org/W1972484045, https://openalex.org/W2024080878, https://openalex.org/W2043375387, https://openalex.org/W2088670719, https://openalex.org/W2076816309, https://openalex.org/W2044212979, https://openalex.org/W1997684358, https://openalex.org/W2539199606, https://openalex.org/W2040187887, https://openalex.org/W1971138351, https://openalex.org/W3118753188, https://openalex.org/W4200413708, https://openalex.org/W3180564189, https://openalex.org/W6637142899, https://openalex.org/W3153277334, https://openalex.org/W2081950907, https://openalex.org/W2920813195, https://openalex.org/W2595671441, https://openalex.org/W4220804718, https://openalex.org/W2036767781, https://openalex.org/W6630354159, https://openalex.org/W2081376769, https://openalex.org/W1994740323, https://openalex.org/W2810327768, https://openalex.org/W1992400056, https://openalex.org/W2162604832, https://openalex.org/W799779744, https://openalex.org/W2970240176, https://openalex.org/W1505152011, https://openalex.org/W1663258578 |
| referenced_works_count | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 71, 94, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.55 | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.As | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CS | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 83, 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 76, 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 2, 17, 29, 53, 59, 90, 97, 104, 127, 131, 138, 188, 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 27, 47, 68, 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.up | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.8 | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.500 | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Bar | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.For | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MPM | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 10, 88, 117, 129, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.due | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 8, 167, 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 14, 38, 49, 63, 77, 86, 100, 105, 112, 118, 125, 134, 148, 171, 182, 186, 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 74, 108, 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(CS) | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.SHPB | 149, 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clay | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flow | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lack | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rate | 65, 102, 145, 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.soil | 3, 20, 91, 169, 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.test | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 44, 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 56, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(DIF) | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Split | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.agree | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gains | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.level | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model | 116, 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rates | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scale | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.slope | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tests | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.under | 93, 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 37, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 81, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(MPM), | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(SHPB) | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Cowper | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Factor | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Method | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.curves | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.double | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impact | 15, 35, 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.space. | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stage, | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strain | 57, 64, 101, 144, 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.s−1, | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.s−1. | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.204~590 | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Dynamic | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Symonds | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dynamic | 4, 50, 106, 164, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effect. | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lock-up | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plastic | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stress. | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Accurate | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Further, | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Increase | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Material | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Particle | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Pressure | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.behavior | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.breakage | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cohesive | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.designed | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improved | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.involves | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.loading. | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modified | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.observed | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.purpose, | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.response | 5, 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results, | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strength | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Hopkinson | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.basically | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explained | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increased | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intercept | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paramount | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research. | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulated | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dependency | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.determined | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicating | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.properties | 16, 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.protective | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reproduced | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sufficient | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considering | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.elaborately | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feasibility | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigate | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.logarithmic | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unsaturated | 18, 54, 168, 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Furthermore, | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.coefficients | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.constitutive | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.engineering. | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.experimental | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.geotechnical | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characterized | 25, 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigating | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rearrangement | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quantitatively | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stress–strain | 51, 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characterization | 1 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 95 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 91 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 10 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.82045596 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |