Simulating 3D pedestrian motions in evacuations under high and low perceived urgency levels Article Swipe
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· 2025
· Open Access
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· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100724
· OA: W4412792512
In emergency evacuations, pedestrians may use 3D motions (e.g., low crawling, climbing up/down) in high-urgency situations or constrained spaces to navigate above or below indoor objects (e.g., tables, chairs). This study explores the influence of 3D motions on evacuation performance. First, a voxel-based 3D indoor model is created to digitally represent indoor environments. Then, four groups of behavioural rules are established within an agent-based framework to simulate whether, when, where, and how pedestrians perform 3D motions. Subsequently, a case study and a sensitivity analysis quantitatively assess the influence of 3D motions. Key findings are: 1) 3D motions may improve evacuation efficiency, particularly under lower urgency levels; 2) 3D motions may offer alternative 3D paths to bypass congestion; and 3) 3D motions’ benefits may diminish as urgency and agent density increase. This study contributes a 3D evacuation model, comparative analyses of 3D motions, and behavioural instructions that support evacuation management.
