Small and Large Dust Cavities in Disks around Mid-M Stars in Taurus Article Swipe
Yangfan Shi
,
Feng Long
,
Gregory J. Herczeg
,
D. Harsono
,
Yao Liu
,
Paola Pinilla
,
Enrico Ragusa
,
Doug Johnstone
,
Xue‐Ning Bai
,
Ilaria Pascucci
,
C. F. Manara
,
Gijs D. Mulders
,
Lucas A. Cieza
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94
High angular resolution imaging by Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) has revealed the near universality and diversity of substructures in protoplanetary disks. However, disks around M-type pre-main-sequence stars are still poorly sampled, despite the prevalence of M dwarfs in the Galaxy. Here we present high-resolution (∼50 mas, 8 au) ALMA Band 6 observations of six disks around mid-M stars in Taurus. We detect dust continuum emission in all six disks, 12 CO in five disks, and 13 CO line in two disks. The size ratios between gas and dust disks range from 1.6 to 5.1. The ratio of about 5 for 2M0436 and 2M0450 indicates efficient dust radial drift. Four disks show rings and cavities, and two disks are smooth. The cavity sizes occupy a wide range: 60 au for 2M0412, and ∼10 au for 2M0434, 2M0436, and 2M0508. Detailed visibility modeling indicates that small cavities of 1.7 and 5.7 au may hide in the two smooth disks 2M0450 and CIDA 12. We perform radiative transfer fitting of the infrared spectral energy distributions to constrain the cavity sizes, finding that micron-sized dust grains may have smaller cavities than millimeter grains. Planet–disk interactions are the preferred explanation to produce the large 60 au cavity, while other physics could be responsible for the three ∼10 au cavities under current observations and theories. Currently, disks around mid- to late M stars in Taurus show a higher detection frequency of cavities than earlier-type stars, although a more complete sample is needed to evaluate any dependence of substructure on stellar mass.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 11
- References
- 199
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4395455905
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4395455905Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Small and Large Dust Cavities in Disks around Mid-M Stars in TaurusWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2024-04-25Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Yangfan Shi, Feng Long, Gregory J. Herczeg, D. Harsono, Yao Liu, Paola Pinilla, Enrico Ragusa, Doug Johnstone, Xue‐Ning Bai, Ilaria Pascucci, C. F. Manara, Gijs D. Mulders, Lucas A. CiezaList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Stars, Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astrobiology, PhysicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
11Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 10, 2024: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
199Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4395455905 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2402.18720 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4395455905 |
| fwci | 6.60127868 |
| type | article |
| title | Small and Large Dust Cavities in Disks around Mid-M Stars in Taurus |
| biblio.issue | 1 |
| biblio.volume | 966 |
| biblio.last_page | 59 |
| biblio.first_page | 59 |
| grants[0].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| grants[0].award_id | 12173003 |
| grants[0].funder_display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| grants[1].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320335777 |
| grants[1].award_id | 2019YFA0405100 |
| grants[1].funder_display_name | National Key Research and Development Program of China |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10477 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Physics and Astronomy |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3103 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Astronomy and Astrophysics |
| topics[0].display_name | Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10039 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Physics and Astronomy |
| topics[1].score | 0.9988999962806702 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3103 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Astronomy and Astrophysics |
| topics[1].display_name | Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10325 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Physics and Astronomy |
| topics[2].score | 0.9901999831199646 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3103 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Astronomy and Astrophysics |
| topics[2].display_name | Astro and Planetary Science |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320321001 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/01h0zpd94 |
| funders[0].display_name | National Natural Science Foundation of China |
| funders[1].id | https://openalex.org/F4320335777 |
| funders[1].ror | |
| funders[1].display_name | National Key Research and Development Program of China |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 4499 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 4499 |
| apc_paid.value | 4499 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 4499 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C150846664 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.8102025985717773 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7602306 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Stars |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C44870925 |
| concepts[1].level | 1 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.544590413570404 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37547 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Astrophysics |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C1276947 |
| concepts[2].level | 1 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5091244578361511 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Astronomy |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C87355193 |
| concepts[3].level | 1 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.4510551691055298 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q411 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Astrobiology |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[4].level | 0 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.39329537749290466 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/stars |
| keywords[0].score | 0.8102025985717773 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Stars |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/astrophysics |
| keywords[1].score | 0.544590413570404 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Astrophysics |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/astronomy |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5091244578361511 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Astronomy |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/astrobiology |
| keywords[3].score | 0.4510551691055298 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Astrobiology |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[4].score | 0.39329537749290466 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Physics |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S1980519 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 0004-637X, 1538-4357 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 0004-637X |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | The Astrophysical Journal |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320083 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | IOP Publishing |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320083 |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | The Astrophysical Journal |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:arXiv.org:2402.18720 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400194 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | arXiv (Cornell University) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | Cornell University |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | https://arxiv.org/pdf/2402.18720 |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | text |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | http://arxiv.org/abs/2402.18720 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:4491a9018b4a454a95b55d095a3db783 |
| locations[2].is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | |
| locations[2].license | |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | article |
| locations[2].license_id | |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | The Astrophysical Journal, Vol 966, Iss 1, p 59 (2024) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/4491a9018b4a454a95b55d095a3db783 |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:air.unimi.it:2434/1183840 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400516 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I189158943 |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | University of Milan |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I189158943 |
| locations[3].license | other-oa |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://hdl.handle.net/2434/1183840 |
| locations[4].id | pmh:oai:HAL:insu-04838868v1 |
| locations[4].is_oa | True |
| locations[4].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306402512 |
| locations[4].source.issn | |
| locations[4].source.type | repository |
| locations[4].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[4].source.issn_l | |
| locations[4].source.is_core | False |
| locations[4].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[4].source.display_name | HAL (Le Centre pour la Communication Scientifique Directe) |
| locations[4].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1294671590 |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_name | Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1294671590 |
| locations[4].license | cc-by |
| locations[4].pdf_url | |
| locations[4].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[4].raw_type | Journal articles |
| locations[4].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[4].is_accepted | False |
| locations[4].is_published | False |
| locations[4].raw_source_name | The Astrophysical Journal, 2024, 966, ⟨10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94⟩ |
| locations[4].landing_page_url | https://insu.hal.science/insu-04838868 |
| locations[5].id | doi:10.48550/arxiv.2402.18720 |
| locations[5].is_oa | True |
| locations[5].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400194 |
| locations[5].source.issn | |
| locations[5].source.type | repository |
| locations[5].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[5].source.issn_l | |
| locations[5].source.is_core | False |
| locations[5].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[5].source.display_name | arXiv (Cornell University) |
| locations[5].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[5].source.host_organization_name | Cornell University |
| locations[5].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I205783295 |
| locations[5].license | cc-by |
| locations[5].pdf_url | |
| locations[5].version | |
| locations[5].raw_type | article |
| locations[5].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[5].is_accepted | False |
| locations[5].is_published | |
| locations[5].raw_source_name | |
| locations[5].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2402.18720 |
| indexed_in | arxiv, crossref, datacite, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5088724163 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9277-6495 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Yangfan Shi |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Yangfan 杨帆 Shi 施 |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5028513488 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7607-719X |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Feng Long |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Feng 凤 Long 龙 |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5021903490 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7154-6065 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Gregory J. Herczeg |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Gregory J. 雷歌 Herczeg 沈 |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5022579238 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6307-4195 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | D. Harsono |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Daniel Harsono |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100620896 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Yao Liu |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Yao Liu |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5035201202 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8764-1780 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Paola Pinilla |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Paola Pinilla |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5046367502 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5378-7749 |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Enrico Ragusa |
| authorships[6].author_position | middle |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Enrico Ragusa |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[7].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5056586661 |
| authorships[7].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6773-459X |
| authorships[7].author.display_name | Doug Johnstone |
| authorships[7].author_position | middle |
| authorships[7].raw_author_name | Doug Johnstone |
| authorships[7].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[8].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5065457614 |
| authorships[8].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6906-9549 |
| authorships[8].author.display_name | Xue‐Ning Bai |
| authorships[8].author_position | middle |
| authorships[8].raw_author_name | Xue-Ning Bai |
| authorships[8].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[9].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5090482272 |
| authorships[9].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7962-1683 |
| authorships[9].author.display_name | Ilaria Pascucci |
| authorships[9].author_position | middle |
| authorships[9].raw_author_name | Ilaria Pascucci |
| authorships[9].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[10].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5082874418 |
| authorships[10].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3562-262X |
| authorships[10].author.display_name | C. F. Manara |
| authorships[10].author_position | middle |
| authorships[10].raw_author_name | Carlo F. Manara |
| authorships[10].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[11].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5074649263 |
| authorships[11].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1078-9493 |
| authorships[11].author.display_name | Gijs D. Mulders |
| authorships[11].author_position | middle |
| authorships[11].raw_author_name | Gijs D. Mulders |
| authorships[11].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[12].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5024780669 |
| authorships[12].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2828-1153 |
| authorships[12].author.display_name | Lucas A. Cieza |
| authorships[12].author_position | last |
| authorships[12].raw_author_name | Lucas A. Cieza |
| authorships[12].is_corresponding | False |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2024-04-26T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Small and Large Dust Cavities in Disks around Mid-M Stars in Taurus |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10477 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Physics and Astronomy |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3103 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Astronomy and Astrophysics |
| primary_topic.display_name | Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W4391375266, https://openalex.org/W2748952813, https://openalex.org/W2935759653, https://openalex.org/W3105167352, https://openalex.org/W54078636, https://openalex.org/W2954470139, https://openalex.org/W1501425562, https://openalex.org/W2902782467, https://openalex.org/W3084825885, https://openalex.org/W4321479465 |
| cited_by_count | 11 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 10 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 6 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S1980519 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 0004-637X, 1538-4357 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 0004-637X |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | The Astrophysical Journal |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320083 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | IOP Publishing |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320083 |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | The Astrophysical Journal |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S1980519 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 0004-637X, 1538-4357 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 0004-637X |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | The Astrophysical Journal |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320083 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | IOP Publishing |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320083 |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | The Astrophysical Journal |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ad2e94 |
| publication_date | 2024-04-25 |
| publication_year | 2024 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W4220924308, https://openalex.org/W2910988520, https://openalex.org/W1920023268, https://openalex.org/W2998834512, https://openalex.org/W2905186062, https://openalex.org/W2023574719, https://openalex.org/W2889225309, https://openalex.org/W2603714687, https://openalex.org/W2790645022, https://openalex.org/W2337818376, https://openalex.org/W4328093743, https://openalex.org/W2080259092, https://openalex.org/W2290726778, https://openalex.org/W2900737301, https://openalex.org/W2395172868, https://openalex.org/W2769674502, https://openalex.org/W2607550182, https://openalex.org/W2904495956, https://openalex.org/W2084110269, https://openalex.org/W2034521717, https://openalex.org/W4387164962, https://openalex.org/W2026840775, https://openalex.org/W4323255809, https://openalex.org/W3165984523, https://openalex.org/W4303439025, https://openalex.org/W3110173028, https://openalex.org/W2890417451, https://openalex.org/W2095945864, https://openalex.org/W4281381557, https://openalex.org/W2054804678, https://openalex.org/W2068762352, https://openalex.org/W3169081833, https://openalex.org/W2081836285, https://openalex.org/W2806108362, https://openalex.org/W2904278424, https://openalex.org/W2009551075, https://openalex.org/W4283447526, https://openalex.org/W2954485560, https://openalex.org/W3023587277, https://openalex.org/W2762295141, https://openalex.org/W4324045927, https://openalex.org/W4381189754, https://openalex.org/W2905508807, https://openalex.org/W2609057344, https://openalex.org/W2566593834, https://openalex.org/W2063397409, https://openalex.org/W3090529036, https://openalex.org/W3179038673, https://openalex.org/W4281694390, https://openalex.org/W3203838101, https://openalex.org/W3092576319, https://openalex.org/W2770604312, https://openalex.org/W2963443274, https://openalex.org/W3150967550, https://openalex.org/W2999673626, https://openalex.org/W1986743369, https://openalex.org/W2167911977, https://openalex.org/W2905039325, https://openalex.org/W3103866152, https://openalex.org/W2904999681, https://openalex.org/W4283450906, https://openalex.org/W2145575456, https://openalex.org/W1996452021, https://openalex.org/W3111016316, https://openalex.org/W2035753114, https://openalex.org/W1979526209, https://openalex.org/W4293724077, https://openalex.org/W3125541231, https://openalex.org/W2806230021, https://openalex.org/W2971781796, https://openalex.org/W3198477210, https://openalex.org/W4226069086, https://openalex.org/W2955397079, https://openalex.org/W2896707053, https://openalex.org/W4378234349, https://openalex.org/W4311737295, https://openalex.org/W2899269680, https://openalex.org/W2091777812, https://openalex.org/W2542612975, https://openalex.org/W2788052345, https://openalex.org/W2902454806, https://openalex.org/W4288083786, https://openalex.org/W2976441914, https://openalex.org/W2545066142, https://openalex.org/W2975471950, https://openalex.org/W3204360321, https://openalex.org/W2079333065, https://openalex.org/W2084488312, https://openalex.org/W2192539156, https://openalex.org/W3021166305, https://openalex.org/W1836950185, https://openalex.org/W3143902349, https://openalex.org/W2950379999, https://openalex.org/W2508368212, https://openalex.org/W2134203307, https://openalex.org/W2525559626, https://openalex.org/W3000961286, https://openalex.org/W3207646017, https://openalex.org/W2942094693, https://openalex.org/W4376866657, https://openalex.org/W4308142693, https://openalex.org/W2135186906, https://openalex.org/W2046859248, https://openalex.org/W3136789193, https://openalex.org/W3005053257, https://openalex.org/W2606089668, https://openalex.org/W2735280519, https://openalex.org/W2798726971, https://openalex.org/W1635732068, https://openalex.org/W2140611633, https://openalex.org/W4386890014, https://openalex.org/W3088447015, https://openalex.org/W4313436044, https://openalex.org/W2942538073, https://openalex.org/W2984139330, https://openalex.org/W4281618643, https://openalex.org/W2142220522, https://openalex.org/W3008755437, https://openalex.org/W4389166358, https://openalex.org/W2515740491, https://openalex.org/W2758709356, https://openalex.org/W3092565306, https://openalex.org/W3000563871, https://openalex.org/W2921927204, https://openalex.org/W2733031652, https://openalex.org/W3033281962, https://openalex.org/W2009022019, https://openalex.org/W3152960034, https://openalex.org/W2080426384, https://openalex.org/W2303503246, https://openalex.org/W2784157495, https://openalex.org/W2293802658, https://openalex.org/W3099824432, https://openalex.org/W4383652827, https://openalex.org/W2899334861, https://openalex.org/W2938174681, https://openalex.org/W4385242215, https://openalex.org/W2052937506, https://openalex.org/W3202598866, https://openalex.org/W1602412615, https://openalex.org/W4385300827, https://openalex.org/W3169612023, https://openalex.org/W4212823066, https://openalex.org/W3100075596, https://openalex.org/W3103495349, https://openalex.org/W3105760037, https://openalex.org/W3104435745, https://openalex.org/W3104878229, https://openalex.org/W3100380585, https://openalex.org/W3114981405, https://openalex.org/W3100403874, https://openalex.org/W3102054143, https://openalex.org/W3204739495, https://openalex.org/W3101532544, https://openalex.org/W3101119767, https://openalex.org/W3098287727, https://openalex.org/W3105421730, https://openalex.org/W3098624247, https://openalex.org/W3105754056, https://openalex.org/W3100493054, https://openalex.org/W3101619667, https://openalex.org/W3106319336, https://openalex.org/W3098790947, https://openalex.org/W3099342797, https://openalex.org/W3098974664, https://openalex.org/W3098669937, https://openalex.org/W2993373315, https://openalex.org/W3101829863, https://openalex.org/W3106354234, https://openalex.org/W3099770314, https://openalex.org/W3098306678, https://openalex.org/W3101008773, https://openalex.org/W3106060835, https://openalex.org/W3102083771, https://openalex.org/W3042666245, https://openalex.org/W3098053839, https://openalex.org/W3176752971, https://openalex.org/W3103403508, https://openalex.org/W3174444477, https://openalex.org/W3102344969, https://openalex.org/W2975509164, https://openalex.org/W3104194675, https://openalex.org/W3098767004, https://openalex.org/W3105685569, https://openalex.org/W3162092554, https://openalex.org/W3102602027, https://openalex.org/W3107571987, https://openalex.org/W3104161935, https://openalex.org/W3106524653, https://openalex.org/W3099732618, https://openalex.org/W3098573929, https://openalex.org/W3101670442, https://openalex.org/W3100136376, https://openalex.org/W3103681827, https://openalex.org/W3099340413, https://openalex.org/W3102014803, https://openalex.org/W3103537249, https://openalex.org/W3100520646, https://openalex.org/W3100158754 |
| referenced_works_count | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.5 | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.6 | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.8 | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.M | 37, 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 125, 232, 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.12 | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.13 | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.60 | 128, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CO | 72, 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 62, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.au | 129, 134, 151, 202, 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 20, 39, 60, 67, 73, 80, 154, 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 18, 36, 54, 98, 147, 168, 236, 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 254 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 94, 174, 197, 225, 248 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.6 | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.7 | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.12. | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.5.7 | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 83, 96, 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.all | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 16, 76, 88, 103, 114, 116, 132, 138, 149, 160, 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.any | 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 29, 119, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.au) | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 101, 130, 135, 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gas | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.may | 152, 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.six | 55, 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 13, 34, 40, 155, 169, 176, 194, 199, 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two | 81, 117, 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.5.1. | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ALMA | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Band | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CIDA | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Four | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Here | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.High | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dust | 64, 89, 107, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.five | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hide | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.late | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.line | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mas, | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mid- | 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.near | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 112, 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.size | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 188, 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 144, 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wide | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Array | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Large | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.about | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.could | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disks | 24, 56, 90, 111, 118, 158, 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.large | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mass. | 256 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mid-M | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.range | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ratio | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rings | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sizes | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.small | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stars | 28, 59, 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.still | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.three | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.under | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.∼10 | 133, 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(ALMA) | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(∼50 | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2M0436 | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2M0450 | 104, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.M-type | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Taurus | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.around | 25, 57, 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cavity | 122, 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detect | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disks, | 70, 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disks. | 22, 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.drift. | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dwarfs | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.energy | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.grains | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.needed | 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.occupy | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.poorly | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.radial | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.range: | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ratios | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sample | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sizes, | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.smooth | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stars, | 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2M0412, | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2M0434, | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2M0436, | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2M0508. | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Atacama | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Galaxy. | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Taurus. | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.angular | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cavity, | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.current | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.despite | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.finding | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fitting | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.grains. | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.imaging | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.perform | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.physics | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.produce | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.smaller | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.smooth. | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stellar | 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Detailed | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.although | 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cavities | 146, 187, 215, 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complete | 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emission | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluate | 249 |
| abstract_inverted_index.infrared | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modeling | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.revealed | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sampled, | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spectral | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transfer | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cavities, | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.constrain | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.continuum | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detection | 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diversity | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficient | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.frequency | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.indicates | 105, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.preferred | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.radiative | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.theories. | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Currently, | 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dependence | 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.millimeter | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prevalence | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resolution | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.visibility | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explanation | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.responsible | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.earlier-type | 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interactions | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.micron-sized | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.observations | 53, 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.substructure | 253 |
| abstract_inverted_index.universality | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Planet–disk | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distributions | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.substructures | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.protoplanetary | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high-resolution | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pre-main-sequence | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Millimeter/submillimeter | 8 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 90 |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 13 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8500000238418579 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Affordable and clean energy |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.94975251 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |