Softening Online Extremes Using Network Engineering Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3388851
The prevalence of dangerous misinformation and extreme views online has intensified since the onset of Israel-Hamas war on 7 October 2023. Social media platforms have long grappled with the challenge of providing effective mitigation schemes that can scale to the 5 billion-strong online population. Here, we introduce a novel solution grounded in online network engineering and demonstrate its potential through small pilot studies. We begin by outlining the characteristics of the online social network infrastructure that have rendered previous approaches to mitigating extremes ineffective. We then present our new online engineering scheme and explain how it circumvents these issues. The efficacy of this scheme is demonstrated through a pilot empirical study, which reveals that automatically assembling groups of users online with diverse opinions, guided by a map of the online social media infrastructure, and facilitating their anonymous interactions, can lead to a softening of extreme views. We then employ computer simulations to explore the potential for implementing this scheme online at scale and in an automated manner, without necessitating the contentious removal of specific communities, imposing censorship, relying on preventative messaging, or requiring consensus within the online groups. These pilot studies provide preliminary insights into the effectiveness and feasibility of this approach in online social media settings.
Related Topics
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3388851
- https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10499247.pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 1
- References
- 66
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4394828412
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4394828412Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3388851Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Softening Online Extremes Using Network EngineeringWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2024-01-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Elvira María Restrepo, Martín Moreno, Lucia Illari, Neil F. JohnsonList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3388851Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10499247.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10499247.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Misinformation, Computer science, Social media, Scheme (mathematics), Internet privacy, Data science, Population, Social network (sociolinguistics), Scale (ratio), Computer security, World Wide Web, Quantum mechanics, Mathematics, Physics, Demography, Mathematical analysis, SociologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
1Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
66Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4394828412 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3388851 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3388851 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4394828412 |
| fwci | 2.09598175 |
| type | article |
| title | Softening Online Extremes Using Network Engineering |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G3912377036 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320338279 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | FA9550-20-1-0382 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | Air Force Office of Scientific Research |
| awards[1].id | https://openalex.org/G6258120073 |
| awards[1].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320338279 |
| awards[1].display_name | |
| awards[1].funder_award_id | FA9550-20-1-0383 |
| awards[1].funder_display_name | Air Force Office of Scientific Research |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 12 |
| biblio.last_page | 55783 |
| biblio.first_page | 55768 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11147 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[0].score | 0.9994000196456909 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3312 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Sociology and Political Science |
| topics[0].display_name | Misinformation and Its Impacts |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10557 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[1].score | 0.9990000128746033 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3315 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Communication |
| topics[1].display_name | Social Media and Politics |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T12592 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Physics and Astronomy |
| topics[2].score | 0.9914000034332275 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3109 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Statistical and Nonlinear Physics |
| topics[2].display_name | Opinion Dynamics and Social Influence |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320306193 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/035tnyy05 |
| funders[0].display_name | John Templeton Foundation |
| funders[1].id | https://openalex.org/F4320338279 |
| funders[1].ror | https://ror.org/011e9bt93 |
| funders[1].display_name | Air Force Office of Scientific Research |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1850 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1850 |
| apc_paid.value | 1850 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1850 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C2776990098 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.6944295167922974 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13579947 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Misinformation |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[1].level | 0 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6759446859359741 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C518677369 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.658412754535675 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202833 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Social media |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C77618280 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.544255256652832 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1155772 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Scheme (mathematics) |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C108827166 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.47248831391334534 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175975 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Internet privacy |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C2522767166 |
| concepts[5].level | 1 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.45580223202705383 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Data science |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C2908647359 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.45277151465415955 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Population |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C4727928 |
| concepts[7].level | 3 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.45133405923843384 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17164759 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Social network (sociolinguistics) |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C2778755073 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.42601633071899414 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Scale (ratio) |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C38652104 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.3918176591396332 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Computer security |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C136764020 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.31097856163978577 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466 |
| concepts[10].display_name | World Wide Web |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C62520636 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Quantum mechanics |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C33923547 |
| concepts[12].level | 0 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Mathematics |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[13].level | 0 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C149923435 |
| concepts[14].level | 1 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Demography |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C134306372 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Mathematical analysis |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C144024400 |
| concepts[16].level | 0 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Sociology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/misinformation |
| keywords[0].score | 0.6944295167922974 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Misinformation |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6759446859359741 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/social-media |
| keywords[2].score | 0.658412754535675 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Social media |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/scheme |
| keywords[3].score | 0.544255256652832 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Scheme (mathematics) |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/internet-privacy |
| keywords[4].score | 0.47248831391334534 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Internet privacy |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science |
| keywords[5].score | 0.45580223202705383 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Data science |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/population |
| keywords[6].score | 0.45277151465415955 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Population |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/social-network |
| keywords[7].score | 0.45133405923843384 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Social network (sociolinguistics) |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/scale |
| keywords[8].score | 0.42601633071899414 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Scale (ratio) |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security |
| keywords[9].score | 0.3918176591396332 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Computer security |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web |
| keywords[10].score | 0.31097856163978577 |
| keywords[10].display_name | World Wide Web |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1109/access.2024.3388851 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| locations[0].license | |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10499247.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3388851 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:ec82f21eb59744b2be82fcacb72b7471 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | IEEE Access, Vol 12, Pp 55768-55783 (2024) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/ec82f21eb59744b2be82fcacb72b7471 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5004091978 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2172-6324 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Elvira María Restrepo |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I193531525 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Elliot School of International Affairs, George Washington University, Washington D.C., U.S.A. |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I193531525 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00y4zzh67 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I193531525 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | George Washington University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Elvira M. Restrepo |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Elliot School of International Affairs, George Washington University, Washington D.C., U.S.A. |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5101496182 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Martín Moreno |
| authorships[1].countries | CO |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I162096671 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Engineering Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I162096671 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02mhbdp94 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I162096671 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | CO |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Universidad de Los Andes |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Martin Moreno |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Engineering Department, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogota, Colombia |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5039757619 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7110-4040 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Lucia Illari |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I193531525 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Physics Department, George Washington University, Washington D.C., U.S.A. |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I193531525 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Dynamic Online Networks Laboratory, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I193531525 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00y4zzh67 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I193531525 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | George Washington University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Lucia Illari |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Dynamic Online Networks Laboratory, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., Physics Department, George Washington University, Washington D.C., U.S.A. |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5031168379 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3224-3213 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Neil F. Johnson |
| authorships[3].countries | US |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I193531525 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Dynamic Online Networks Laboratory, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., U.S.A. |
| authorships[3].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I193531525 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Physics Department, George Washington University, Washington D.C., U.S.A. |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I193531525 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/00y4zzh67 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I193531525 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | George Washington University |
| authorships[3].author_position | last |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Neil F. Johnson |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Dynamic Online Networks Laboratory, George Washington University, Washington, D.C., U.S.A., Physics Department, George Washington University, Washington D.C., U.S.A. |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10499247.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Softening Online Extremes Using Network Engineering |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11147 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Social Sciences |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9994000196456909 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3312 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Sociology and Political Science |
| primary_topic.display_name | Misinformation and Its Impacts |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2748952813, https://openalex.org/W3197131596, https://openalex.org/W4390616380, https://openalex.org/W4388666321, https://openalex.org/W4205914924, https://openalex.org/W4225301003, https://openalex.org/W4229014887, https://openalex.org/W4388798880, https://openalex.org/W2120116197, https://openalex.org/W159653547 |
| cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2024.3388851 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| best_oa_location.license | |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10499247.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3388851 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1109/access.2024.3388851 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2485537415 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2169-3536 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319808 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| primary_location.license | |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/10499247.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | IEEE Access |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2024.3388851 |
| publication_date | 2024-01-01 |
| publication_year | 2024 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W3037601311, https://openalex.org/W3013430968, https://openalex.org/W2900471836, https://openalex.org/W2956117722, https://openalex.org/W3128392043, https://openalex.org/W3095950404, https://openalex.org/W6810499453, https://openalex.org/W3193328130, https://openalex.org/W3013473577, https://openalex.org/W3035883596, https://openalex.org/W2975501018, https://openalex.org/W2935428576, https://openalex.org/W3172358054, https://openalex.org/W4225127529, https://openalex.org/W3087714840, https://openalex.org/W3025654839, https://openalex.org/W4206488507, https://openalex.org/W3207152415, https://openalex.org/W2016277644, https://openalex.org/W3034078763, https://openalex.org/W4285814800, https://openalex.org/W3168350320, https://openalex.org/W2960099721, https://openalex.org/W2292699664, https://openalex.org/W2896792163, https://openalex.org/W4386415037, https://openalex.org/W4206917460, https://openalex.org/W2580779885, https://openalex.org/W3130700834, https://openalex.org/W2035654630, https://openalex.org/W2564000729, https://openalex.org/W2779468166, https://openalex.org/W2969295616, https://openalex.org/W2889127731, https://openalex.org/W2913649461, https://openalex.org/W3010420310, https://openalex.org/W2910027323, https://openalex.org/W3144808044, https://openalex.org/W2890436397, https://openalex.org/W4220995626, https://openalex.org/W4388848378, https://openalex.org/W4214754654, https://openalex.org/W4386766469, https://openalex.org/W4229008296, https://openalex.org/W3201290078, https://openalex.org/W4206236567, https://openalex.org/W2028695285, https://openalex.org/W3112377112, https://openalex.org/W2804447381, https://openalex.org/W4239832615, https://openalex.org/W4211113163, https://openalex.org/W1977774818, https://openalex.org/W4240206353, https://openalex.org/W4247276202, https://openalex.org/W3013733707, https://openalex.org/W2995724393, https://openalex.org/W4317989964, https://openalex.org/W2805301067, https://openalex.org/W4385399638, https://openalex.org/W4205099067, https://openalex.org/W3103145424, https://openalex.org/W4225948756, https://openalex.org/W4200301609, https://openalex.org/W3202047212, https://openalex.org/W1973294727, https://openalex.org/W4396795512 |
| referenced_works_count | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.5 | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.7 | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 47, 107, 125, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 63, 84, 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 65, 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 51, 163, 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 2, 14, 30, 69, 101, 117, 127, 143, 172, 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 17, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 38, 80, 140, 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 0, 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 5, 55, 92, 133, 162, 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 36, 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.how | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.its | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.map | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.new | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.our | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 12, 28, 39, 67, 70, 128, 153, 169, 185, 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.war | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 24, 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lead | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.long | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 35, 75, 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.then | 85, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 102, 157, 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 27, 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2023. | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Here, | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.These | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.begin | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.media | 22, 131, 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.novel | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.onset | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pilot | 61, 108, 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scale | 37, 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.since | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.small | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.users | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.views | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Social | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.employ | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.groups | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.guided | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.online | 8, 42, 52, 71, 89, 119, 129, 159, 186, 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scheme | 91, 103, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.social | 72, 130, 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study, | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.views. | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.within | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.October | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diverse | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explain | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explore | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extreme | 6, 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.groups. | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.issues. | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.manner, | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.network | 53, 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provide | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relying | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.removal | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reveals | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.schemes | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.through | 59, 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.without | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approach | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.computer | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficacy | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extremes | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.grappled | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.grounded | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.imposing | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.insights | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.previous | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rendered | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solution | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specific | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies. | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.anonymous | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.automated | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.challenge | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consensus | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dangerous | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effective | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.empirical | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.introduce | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.opinions, | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.outlining | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.platforms | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potential | 58, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.providing | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.requiring | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.settings. | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.softening | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approaches | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assembling | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.messaging, | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mitigating | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mitigation | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prevalence | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.censorship, | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.circumvents | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contentious | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrate | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.engineering | 54, 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feasibility | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intensified | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.population. | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.preliminary | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulations | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Israel-Hamas | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.communities, | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrated | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.facilitating | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implementing | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ineffective. | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.preventative | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.automatically | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effectiveness | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interactions, | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.necessitating | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.billion-strong | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.infrastructure | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.misinformation | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characteristics | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.infrastructure, | 132 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 95 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 91 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 4 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.4099999964237213 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Industry, innovation and infrastructure |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.81128438 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |