Solid State Transformer Controls for Mitigation of E3a High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse Insults Article Swipe
Connor A. Lehman
,
Rush D. Robinett
,
Wayne W. Weaver
,
David G. Wilson
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051055
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051055
This paper explores the use of a solid state transformer (SST) to mitigate the E3A component of a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) insult using external energy storage optimal control techniques. In lieu of conventional passive blocking devices or feedback-controlled energy storage devices, a novel implementation of Hamiltonian error tracking is utilized to develop a feedback control law for the variable converter ratio in an SST. The findings of the simulations performed in this paper suggest that additional energy storage is not necessary to protect an individual load from a HEMP insult. The simulations performed examine the response of a single-phase SST connected to a single voltage source on a long transmission line on the one side and a single linear resistor on the other. The control law is specifically developed for the late-time, low-frequency portion of a HEMP insult, namely the E3A components. The Hamiltonian error-based converter ratio control law is compared with nonlinear optimal feedforward controls to show that the HSSPFC is an external energy storage optimal controller.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051055
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 3
- References
- 29
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4407843120
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4407843120Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051055Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Solid State Transformer Controls for Mitigation of E3a High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse InsultsWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
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2025-02-21Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Connor A. Lehman, Rush D. Robinett, Wayne W. Weaver, David G. WilsonList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051055Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/en18051055Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
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Transformer, Effects of high altitude on humans, Electromagnetic pulse, Solid-state, Electrical engineering, Environmental science, Materials science, Automotive engineering, Physics, Engineering, Engineering physics, Voltage, MeteorologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
3Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 3Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
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29Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.to | 11, 51, 82, 102, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.E3A | 14, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.SST | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 65, 91, 124, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 57, 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.law | 56, 126, 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.one | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 3, 13, 58, 68, 95, 113, 122, 131, 140, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.HEMP | 89, 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.SST. | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lieu | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.line | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.load | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.long | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.side | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 75, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(SST) | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.error | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.novel | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper | 1, 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pulse | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ratio | 61, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solid | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.state | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(HEMP) | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.HSSPFC | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.energy | 25, 39, 77, 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.insult | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.linear | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.namely | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other. | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.single | 104, 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.source | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.control | 28, 55, 125, 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.develop | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.devices | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.examine | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.insult, | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.insult. | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimal | 27, 154, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.passive | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.portion | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.protect | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.storage | 26, 40, 78, 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suggest | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.voltage | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.blocking | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compared | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.controls | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.devices, | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explores | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.external | 24, 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feedback | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mitigate | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resistor | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.response | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tracking | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.utilized | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variable | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.component | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.connected | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.converter | 60, 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.developed | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.necessary | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nonlinear | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performed | 70, 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.additional | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.individual | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.late-time, | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Hamiltonian | 46, 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.components. | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.controller. | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.error-based | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feedforward | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulations | 69, 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.techniques. | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transformer | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conventional | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.single-phase | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specifically | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transmission | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high-altitude | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low-frequency | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implementation | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electromagnetic | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feedback-controlled | 38 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 97 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 96 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 4 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.97820889 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | True |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |