SZKP: A Scalable Accelerator Architecture for Zero-Knowledge Proofs Article Swipe
Alhad Daftardar
,
Brandon Reagen
,
Siddharth Garg
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3656019.3676898
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1145/3656019.3676898
Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs) are an emergent paradigm in verifiable computing. In the context of applications like cloud computing, ZKPs can be used by a client (called the verifier) to verify the service provider (called the prover) is in fact performing the correct computation based on a public input. A recently prominent variant of ZKPs is zkSNARKs, generating succinct proofs that can be rapidly verified by the end user. However, proof generation itself is very time consuming per transaction. Two key primitives in proof generation are the Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) and Multi-scalar Multiplication (MSM). These primitives are prime candidates for hardware acceleration, and prior works have looked at GPU implementations and custom RTL. However, both algorithms involve complex dataflow patterns -- standard NTTs have irregular memory accesses for butterfly computations from stage to stage, and MSMs using Pippenger's algorithm have data-dependent memory accesses for partial sum calculations. We present SZKP, a scalable accelerator framework that is the first ASIC to accelerate an entire proof on-chip by leveraging structured dataflows for both NTTs and MSMs. SZKP achieves conservative full-proof speedups of over 400$\times$, 3$\times$, and 12$\times$ over CPU, ASIC, and GPU implementations.
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Metadata
- Type
- preprint
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1145/3656019.3676898
- OA Status
- green
- Cited By
- 9
- References
- 24
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4402387171
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4402387171Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.1145/3656019.3676898Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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SZKP: A Scalable Accelerator Architecture for Zero-Knowledge ProofsWork title
- Type
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preprintOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2024Year of publication
- Publication date
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2024-10-11Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Alhad Daftardar, Brandon Reagen, Siddharth GargList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1145/3656019.3676898Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
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greenOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
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https://arxiv.org/pdf/2408.05890Direct OA link when available
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Computer science, Mathematical proof, Scalability, Architecture, Zero-knowledge proof, Computer architecture, Zero (linguistics), Parallel computing, Algorithm, Mathematics, Operating system, Cryptography, Visual arts, Philosophy, Geometry, Linguistics, ArtTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
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9Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2025: 8, 2024: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
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24Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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| abstract_inverted_index.can | 19, 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.end | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 99, 127, 143, 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.key | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.per | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sum | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 11, 26, 30, 34, 40, 65, 85, 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ASIC | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CPU, | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MSMs | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.NTTs | 122, 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.RTL. | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.SZKP | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ZKPs | 18, 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.both | 114, 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fact | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 105, 123, 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.like | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 180, 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 59, 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.very | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(NTT) | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ASIC, | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.MSMs. | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.SZKP, | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.These | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.based | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cloud | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prime | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prior | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proof | 69, 82, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stage | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.user. | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.works | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(MSM). | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(ZKPs) | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Number | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Proofs | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.client | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.custom | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.entire | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.input. | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.itself | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.looked | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.memory | 125, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proofs | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.public | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stage, | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.verify | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(called | 25, 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complex | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.context | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.correct | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.involve | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on-chip | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.partial | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prover) | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rapidly | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.service | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variant | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 68, 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accesses | 126, 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achieves | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dataflow | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emergent | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hardware | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paradigm | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patterns | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provider | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recently | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scalable | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.speedups | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.standard | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.succinct | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.verified | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Theoretic | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Transform | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.algorithm | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.butterfly | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consuming | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dataflows | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.framework | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.irregular | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prominent | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.verifier) | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.zkSNARKs, | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.12$\times$ | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3$\times$, | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accelerate | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.algorithms | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.candidates | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.computing, | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.computing. | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.full-proof | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generating | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generation | 70, 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.leveraging | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performing | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.primitives | 80, 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.structured | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.verifiable | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Pippenger's | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accelerator | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.computation | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.400$\times$, | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Multi-scalar | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applications | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.computations | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conservative | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transaction. | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.acceleration, | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calculations. | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Multiplication | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Zero-Knowledge | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data-dependent | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implementations | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implementations. | 190 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 90 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 3 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.97890206 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |