Taking the hunch out of the crunch: A framework to improve variable selection in models to detect financial statement fraud Article Swipe
Adrian Gepp
,
Kuldeep Kumar
,
Sukanto Bhattacharya
·
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.13192
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.13192
Financial statement fraud is a costly problem for society. Detection models can help, but a framework to guide variable selection for such models is lacking. A novel Fraud Detection Triangle (FDT) framework is proposed specifically for this purpose. Extending the well‐known Fraud Triangle, the FDT framework can facilitate improved detection models. Using Benford's law, we demonstrate the posited framework's utility in aiding variable selection via the element of surprise evoked by suspicious information latent in the data. We call for more research into variables that measure rationalisations for fraud and suspicious phenomena arising as unintended consequences of financial statement fraud.
Related Topics
Concepts
Financial statement
Crunch
Statement (logic)
Variable (mathematics)
Selection (genetic algorithm)
Computer science
Surprise
Problem statement
Benford's law
Accounting
Economics
Machine learning
Psychology
Mathematics
Management science
Statistics
Law
Political science
Physical therapy
Medicine
Mathematical analysis
Audit
Social psychology
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.13192
- https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/acfi.13192
- OA Status
- hybrid
- Cited By
- 5
- References
- 59
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4388002183
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4388002183Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.13192Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Taking the hunch out of the crunch: A framework to improve variable selection in models to detect financial statement fraudWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2023Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2023-10-27Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Adrian Gepp, Kuldeep Kumar, Sukanto BhattacharyaList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.13192Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/acfi.13192Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/acfi.13192Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Financial statement, Crunch, Statement (logic), Variable (mathematics), Selection (genetic algorithm), Computer science, Surprise, Problem statement, Benford's law, Accounting, Economics, Machine learning, Psychology, Mathematics, Management science, Statistics, Law, Political science, Physical therapy, Medicine, Mathematical analysis, Audit, Social psychologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
5Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 5Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
59Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4388002183 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.13192 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.13192 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4388002183 |
| fwci | 3.19279601 |
| type | article |
| title | Taking the hunch out of the crunch: A framework to improve variable selection in models to detect financial statement fraud |
| biblio.issue | 2 |
| biblio.volume | 64 |
| biblio.last_page | 1588 |
| biblio.first_page | 1569 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T13720 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/26 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Mathematics |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2613 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Statistics and Probability |
| topics[0].display_name | Benford’s Law and Fraud Detection |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11652 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9933000206947327 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| topics[1].display_name | Imbalanced Data Classification Techniques |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11042 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[2].score | 0.9523000121116638 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3312 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Sociology and Political Science |
| topics[2].display_name | Corruption and Economic Development |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 3140 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 3140 |
| apc_paid.value | 3140 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 3140 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C2781027943 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.6931963562965393 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192907 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Financial statement |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C2780614964 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6808441877365112 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q811154 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Crunch |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C2777026412 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6459296941757202 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2684591 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Statement (logic) |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C182365436 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.6216476559638977 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Variable (mathematics) |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C81917197 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.5709496140480042 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Selection (genetic algorithm) |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[5].level | 0 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.49571478366851807 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C2780343955 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.49087387323379517 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333173 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Surprise |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C202532154 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.4245879054069519 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4374193 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Problem statement |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C152636012 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.4193156361579895 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q817168 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Benford's law |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C121955636 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.2521625757217407 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4116214 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Accounting |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C162324750 |
| concepts[10].level | 0 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.25212860107421875 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Economics |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C119857082 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.2211558222770691 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Machine learning |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C15744967 |
| concepts[12].level | 0 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.12273454666137695 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Psychology |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C33923547 |
| concepts[13].level | 0 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.12180474400520325 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Mathematics |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C539667460 |
| concepts[14].level | 1 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.10679498314857483 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Management science |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C105795698 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.0921054482460022 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Statistics |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C199539241 |
| concepts[16].level | 1 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.08926582336425781 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Law |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C17744445 |
| concepts[17].level | 0 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.08392876386642456 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Political science |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C1862650 |
| concepts[18].level | 1 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Physical therapy |
| concepts[19].id | https://openalex.org/C71924100 |
| concepts[19].level | 0 |
| concepts[19].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[19].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190 |
| concepts[19].display_name | Medicine |
| concepts[20].id | https://openalex.org/C134306372 |
| concepts[20].level | 1 |
| concepts[20].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[20].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754 |
| concepts[20].display_name | Mathematical analysis |
| concepts[21].id | https://openalex.org/C199521495 |
| concepts[21].level | 2 |
| concepts[21].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[21].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181487 |
| concepts[21].display_name | Audit |
| concepts[22].id | https://openalex.org/C77805123 |
| concepts[22].level | 1 |
| concepts[22].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[22].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272 |
| concepts[22].display_name | Social psychology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/financial-statement |
| keywords[0].score | 0.6931963562965393 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Financial statement |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/crunch |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6808441877365112 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Crunch |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/statement |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6459296941757202 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Statement (logic) |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/variable |
| keywords[3].score | 0.6216476559638977 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Variable (mathematics) |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/selection |
| keywords[4].score | 0.5709496140480042 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Selection (genetic algorithm) |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[5].score | 0.49571478366851807 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/surprise |
| keywords[6].score | 0.49087387323379517 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Surprise |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/problem-statement |
| keywords[7].score | 0.4245879054069519 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Problem statement |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/benfords-law |
| keywords[8].score | 0.4193156361579895 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Benford's law |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/accounting |
| keywords[9].score | 0.2521625757217407 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Accounting |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/economics |
| keywords[10].score | 0.25212860107421875 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Economics |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning |
| keywords[11].score | 0.2211558222770691 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Machine learning |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology |
| keywords[12].score | 0.12273454666137695 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Psychology |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics |
| keywords[13].score | 0.12180474400520325 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Mathematics |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science |
| keywords[14].score | 0.10679498314857483 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Management science |
| keywords[15].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics |
| keywords[15].score | 0.0921054482460022 |
| keywords[15].display_name | Statistics |
| keywords[16].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/law |
| keywords[16].score | 0.08926582336425781 |
| keywords[16].display_name | Law |
| keywords[17].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science |
| keywords[17].score | 0.08392876386642456 |
| keywords[17].display_name | Political science |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1111/acfi.13192 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210171597 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 0810-5391, 1467-629X |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 0810-5391 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Accounting and Finance |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320595 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Wiley |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320595 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Wiley |
| locations[0].license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/acfi.13192 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Accounting & Finance |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.13192 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:https://pure.bond.edu.au/:publications/8ee70669-f648-4a39-b14c-2f97b2dded14 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400871 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | Spectrum Research Repository (Concordia University) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I60158472 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | Concordia University |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I60158472 |
| locations[1].license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Gepp , A , Kumar , K & Bhattacharya , S 2023 , ' Taking the hunch out of the crunch: A framework to improve variable selection in models to detect financial statement fraud ' , Accounting and Finance , pp. 1-20 . https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.13192 |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://research.bond.edu.au/en/publications/8ee70669-f648-4a39-b14c-2f97b2dded14 |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5003410304 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1666-5501 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Adrian Gepp |
| authorships[0].countries | AU, GB |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I120125038 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Bond Business School, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I161548249 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Bangor Business School, Bangor University, Bangor, UK |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I120125038 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/006jxzx88 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I120125038 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | AU |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Bond University |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I161548249 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/006jb1a24 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I161548249 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | Bangor University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Adrian Gepp |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Bangor Business School, Bangor University, Bangor, UK, Bond Business School, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5076789203 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1597-0950 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Kuldeep Kumar |
| authorships[1].countries | AU |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I120125038 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Bond Business School, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I120125038 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/006jxzx88 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I120125038 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | AU |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Bond University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Kuldeep Kumar |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Bond Business School, Bond University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5086095616 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6587-2879 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Sukanto Bhattacharya |
| authorships[2].countries | AU |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I149704539 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Deakin Business School, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I149704539 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02czsnj07 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I149704539 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | AU |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Deakin University |
| authorships[2].author_position | last |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Sukanto Bhattacharya |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Deakin Business School, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/acfi.13192 |
| open_access.oa_status | hybrid |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Taking the hunch out of the crunch: A framework to improve variable selection in models to detect financial statement fraud |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T13720 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/26 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Mathematics |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2613 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Statistics and Probability |
| primary_topic.display_name | Benford’s Law and Fraud Detection |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2734415684, https://openalex.org/W2165048824, https://openalex.org/W1980147927, https://openalex.org/W3186068795, https://openalex.org/W3124667545, https://openalex.org/W4212843477, https://openalex.org/W2254161145, https://openalex.org/W3208799667, https://openalex.org/W3034426244, https://openalex.org/W2800886524 |
| cited_by_count | 5 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 5 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1111/acfi.13192 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210171597 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 0810-5391, 1467-629X |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 0810-5391 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Accounting and Finance |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320595 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Wiley |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320595 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Wiley |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/acfi.13192 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Accounting & Finance |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.13192 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1111/acfi.13192 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210171597 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 0810-5391, 1467-629X |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 0810-5391 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Accounting and Finance |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320595 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Wiley |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320595 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Wiley |
| primary_location.license | cc-by-nc-nd |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/acfi.13192 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-nd |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Accounting & Finance |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1111/acfi.13192 |
| publication_date | 2023-10-27 |
| publication_year | 2023 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W3125646995, https://openalex.org/W4255901054, https://openalex.org/W2170354682, https://openalex.org/W3125433491, https://openalex.org/W1995455337, https://openalex.org/W2149535930, https://openalex.org/W4206787370, https://openalex.org/W2030531774, https://openalex.org/W20544476, https://openalex.org/W3121506940, https://openalex.org/W3122946648, https://openalex.org/W2028756481, https://openalex.org/W2167332641, https://openalex.org/W2148212618, https://openalex.org/W3126123247, https://openalex.org/W2020724852, https://openalex.org/W2315678552, https://openalex.org/W2149217505, https://openalex.org/W4230663756, https://openalex.org/W3122471089, https://openalex.org/W3124368633, https://openalex.org/W3116202400, https://openalex.org/W2598798227, https://openalex.org/W2097871213, https://openalex.org/W2410587549, https://openalex.org/W2119479037, https://openalex.org/W3125924374, https://openalex.org/W2158339117, https://openalex.org/W6677380566, https://openalex.org/W2803368385, https://openalex.org/W2489621687, https://openalex.org/W4220811061, https://openalex.org/W2787902483, https://openalex.org/W2121146822, https://openalex.org/W2091427966, https://openalex.org/W3121151181, https://openalex.org/W2126339925, https://openalex.org/W2122859704, https://openalex.org/W2609571438, https://openalex.org/W2006524490, https://openalex.org/W3136063605, https://openalex.org/W2074043476, https://openalex.org/W2233449592, https://openalex.org/W4362576462, https://openalex.org/W1995875735, https://openalex.org/W2550996781, https://openalex.org/W2167680465, https://openalex.org/W6694455558, https://openalex.org/W2167456135, https://openalex.org/W6601025153, https://openalex.org/W1983344107, https://openalex.org/W1502381114, https://openalex.org/W25698938, https://openalex.org/W2971065143, https://openalex.org/W4224224556, https://openalex.org/W2273170495, https://openalex.org/W2114622359, https://openalex.org/W2577706568, https://openalex.org/W1574249685 |
| referenced_works_count | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 5, 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 61, 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 4, 24, 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 68, 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.FDT | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.but | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 12, 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 8, 21, 36, 80, 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 40, 44, 57, 66, 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.via | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.call | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.law, | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.such | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(FDT) | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Fraud | 28, 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Using | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data. | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fraud | 3, 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.guide | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.help, | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.novel | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aiding | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.costly | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evoked | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fraud. | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.latent | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.models | 11, 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.arising | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.element | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measure | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.models. | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.posited | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.problem | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.utility | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Triangle | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improved | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lacking. | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposed | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.purpose. | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.society. | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.surprise | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variable | 19, 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Benford's | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Detection | 10, 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Extending | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Financial | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Triangle, | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detection | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.financial | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.framework | 16, 32, 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phenomena | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.selection | 20, 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.statement | 2, 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variables | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.facilitate | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suspicious | 72, 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unintended | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrate | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.framework's | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.information | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consequences | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specifically | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well‐known | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rationalisations | 87 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 98 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 97 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5003410304 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 3 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I120125038, https://openalex.org/I161548249 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.7900000214576721 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Peace, Justice and strong institutions |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.87984026 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |