The cerebrospinal fluid virome in people with HIV: links to neuroinflammation and cognition Article Swipe
Mattia Trunfio
,
Rossana Scutari
,
Valeria Fox
,
Elisa Vuaran
,
Raha Dastgheyb
,
Vanessa Fini
,
Annarita Granaglia
,
Francesca Balbo
,
Dora Tortarolo
,
Stefano Bonora
,
Carlo Federico Perno
,
Giovanni Di Perri
,
Claudia Alteri
,
Andrea Calcagno
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1704392
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1704392
Introduction Despite durable viral suppression, neuroinflammation and neurocognitive complications remain common yet poorly understood in people with HIV (PWH). HIV alters human viromes, and virome perturbations have been linked to neurocognitive issues in people without HIV. Recently characterized, the brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viromes represent a new avenue to understand brain and mental health in PWH. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed 85 CSF samples (74 from PWH on suppressive antiretroviral therapy, and 11 from controls without HIV, CWH) through shotgun metagenomics for DNA and RNA viruses. Taxonomic composition (reads and contigs), diversity, and relative abundance (RA) of prokaryotic (PV), human eukaryotic (hEV), and non-human eukaryotic viruses (nhEV) were evaluated in relation to HIV status, markers of neuroinflammation/neurodegeneration, cognitive functions, and depressive symptoms. Sensitivity analyses and post-hoc cluster analysis on the RA of hEV, non-human viruses (NHV) and blood–brain barrier permeability were performed. Multivariable models assessed the relationship between cognition and clusters. Results Of 46 read-positive CSF samples, 93.5% contained PV sequences, 47.8% hEV, and 45.6% nhEV. PWH displayed lower α diversity, although p > 0.05. At β diversity analysis, HIV status explained 3.4% of the variation in viral composition ( p = 0.016). Contigs assembly yielded 13 samples positive for 8 hEV, 2 nhEV, and 6 PV. Higher RA of PV was correlated with higher CSF S100β (rho 0.36, p = 0.002) and β-Amyloid 1–42 fragment (βA-42, rho 0.27, p = 0.026), whereas higher RA of nhEV with poorer cognitive performance (rho 0.26, p = 0.022). Conversely, higher RA of hEV correlated with better cognition (rho −0.38, p = 0.003) and lower βA-42 (rho −0.30, p = 0.012). Sensitivity analyses restricted to only CSF samples with detectable reads confirmed these findings. Three CSF clusters were identified and showed differences in astrocytosis, βA-42, tau protein, and cognitive functions. Participants with hEV-enriched CSF showed better cognitive performance compared to those with virus-devoid and NHV-enriched CSF (all p < 0.05). Conclusion This study provides the first comprehensive description of the CSF virome in PWH, revealing associations with neuroinflammation and cognition. These findings highlight the potential involvement of the CSF virome in brain health and inform about its composition, origin, and potential clinical implications in people with and without HIV.
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Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1704392
- https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1704392/pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- References
- 128
- OpenAlex ID
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All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
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https://openalex.org/W4415839310Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
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https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1704392Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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The cerebrospinal fluid virome in people with HIV: links to neuroinflammation and cognitionWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
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2025Year of publication
- Publication date
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2025-11-04Full publication date if available
- Authors
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Mattia Trunfio, Rossana Scutari, Valeria Fox, Elisa Vuaran, Raha Dastgheyb, Vanessa Fini, Annarita Granaglia, Francesca Balbo, Dora Tortarolo, Stefano Bonora, Carlo Federico Perno, Giovanni Di Perri, Claudia Alteri, Andrea CalcagnoList of authors in order
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https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1704392Publisher landing page
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https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1704392/pdfDirect link to full text PDF
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YesWhether a free full text is available
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-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://public-pages-files-2025.frontiersin.org/journals/microbiology/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1704392/pdfDirect OA link when available
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0Total citation count in OpenAlex
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128Number of works referenced by this work
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| abstract_inverted_index.were | 108, 141, 285 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 16, 214, 238, 253, 276, 299, 309, 334, 363 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(CSF) | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(NHV) | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(PV), | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.05. | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.26, | 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.27, | 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.36, | 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.45.6% | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.47.8% | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.93.5% | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.These | 338 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Three | 282 |
| abstract_inverted_index.about | 353 |
| abstract_inverted_index.brain | 39, 51, 349 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 323 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fluid | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.human | 21, 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lower | 169, 262 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nhEV, | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nhEV. | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reads | 278 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 60, 320 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 280 |
| abstract_inverted_index.those | 308 |
| abstract_inverted_index.viral | 3, 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(PWH). | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(hEV), | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(nhEV) | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(reads | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.002) | 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.003) | 260 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.05). | 317 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1–42 | 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Higher | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.S100β | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.alters | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.avenue | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.better | 254, 303 |
| abstract_inverted_index.common | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.health | 54, 350 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 215, 234, 248 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inform | 352 |
| abstract_inverted_index.issues | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.linked | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mental | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.models | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.people | 15, 33, 362 |
| abstract_inverted_index.poorer | 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.poorly | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.remain | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.showed | 288, 302 |
| abstract_inverted_index.status | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.virome | 24, 329, 347 |
| abstract_inverted_index.βA-42 | 263 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.012). | 268 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.016). | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.022). | 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.026), | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Contigs | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Despite | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Methods | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Results | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.barrier | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cluster | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.durable | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.markers | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.origin, | 356 |
| abstract_inverted_index.samples | 64, 198, 275 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shotgun | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.status, | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.through | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.viromes | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.viruses | 106, 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.whereas | 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.without | 34, 76, 365 |
| abstract_inverted_index.yielded | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.βA-42, | 292 |
| abstract_inverted_index.&gt; | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.&lt; | 316 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(βA-42, | 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Recently | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.although | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyses | 124, 270 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyzed | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assembly | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assessed | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clinical | 359 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clusters | 284 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compared | 306 |
| abstract_inverted_index.controls | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings | 339 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fragment | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.positive | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.post-hoc | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.protein, | 294 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provides | 321 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relation | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relative | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.samples, | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.therapy, | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.viromes, | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.viruses. | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.−0.30, | 265 |
| abstract_inverted_index.−0.38, | 257 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Taxonomic | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.abundance | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis, | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clusters. | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cognition | 149, 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cognitive | 118, 240, 296, 304 |
| abstract_inverted_index.confirmed | 279 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contained | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contigs), | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.displayed | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diversity | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluated | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explained | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings. | 281 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highlight | 340 |
| abstract_inverted_index.non-human | 104, 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potential | 342, 358 |
| abstract_inverted_index.represent | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.revealing | 332 |
| abstract_inverted_index.symptoms. | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variation | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Conclusion | 318 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cognition. | 337 |
| abstract_inverted_index.correlated | 213, 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.depressive | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detectable | 277 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diversity, | 92, 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.eukaryotic | 101, 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.functions, | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.functions. | 297 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identified | 286 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performed. | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.restricted | 271 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sequences, | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.understand | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.understood | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.β-Amyloid | 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Conversely, | 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Sensitivity | 123, 269 |
| abstract_inverted_index.composition | 88, 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.description | 325 |
| abstract_inverted_index.differences | 289 |
| abstract_inverted_index.involvement | 343 |
| abstract_inverted_index.performance | 241, 305 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prokaryotic | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suppressive | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Introduction | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.NHV-enriched | 312 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Participants | 298 |
| abstract_inverted_index.associations | 333 |
| abstract_inverted_index.composition, | 355 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hEV-enriched | 300 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implications | 360 |
| abstract_inverted_index.metagenomics | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.permeability | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relationship | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suppression, | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.virus-devoid | 310 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Multivariable | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.astrocytosis, | 291 |
| abstract_inverted_index.blood–brain | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cerebrospinal | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complications | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comprehensive | 324 |
| abstract_inverted_index.perturbations | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.read-positive | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.antiretroviral | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characterized, | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.neurocognitive | 7, 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cross-sectional | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.neuroinflammation | 5, 335 |
| abstract_inverted_index.neuroinflammation/neurodegeneration, | 117 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 14 |
| citation_normalized_percentile |