The effects of the May 2024 Mother’s Day superstorm over the Mediterranean sector: from data to public communication Article Swipe
Luca Spogli
,
Tommaso Alberti
,
P. Bagiacchi
,
L. Cafarella
,
Claudio Cesaroni
,
Gianfranco Cianchini
,
Igino Coco
,
Domenico Di Mauro
,
Rebecca Ghidoni
,
Fabio Giannattasio
,
Alessandro Ippolito
,
Carlo Marcocci
,
Michael Pezzopane
,
Emanuele Pica
,
Alessio Pignalberi
,
Loredana Perrone
,
Vincenzo Romano
,
Dario Sabbagh
,
Carlo Scotto
,
Sabina Spadoni
,
Roberta Tozzi
,
Massimo Viola
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-9117
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-9117
On 8 May 2024, the solar active region AR13664 started releasing a series of intense solar flares. Those of class X released between 9 and 11 May 2024 gave rise to a chain of fast Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) that proved to be geoeffective. The Storm Sudden Commencement (SSC) of the resulting geomagnetic storm was registered on 10 May 2024 and it is, to date, the strongest event since November 2003. The May 2024 storm, named hereafter Mother’s Day storm, peaked with a Dst of –412 nT and stands out as a “standard candle” storm affecting modern era technologies prone to Space Weather threats. Moreover, the recovery phase exhibited almost no substorm signatures, making the Mother’s Day storm as a perfect storm example. Despite the plethora of notable near Earth environment modifications that are still under investigation, in this paper we concentrate on the Space Weather effects over the Mediterranean sector, with a focus on Italy. In fact, the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) manages a dense network of GNSS receivers (including scintillation receivers), ionosondes and magnetometers in the Mediterranean area, which facilitated for a detailed characterization of the modifications induced by the storm. Concerning the geomagnetic field, observatories located in Italy recorded a SSC with a rise time of only 3 minutes and a maximum variation of around 600 nT. The most notable ionospheric effect following the arrival of the disturbance was a significant decrease in plasma density on 11 May, resulting in a pronounced negative ionospheric storm registered on both the critical F2-layer frequency (foF2) and the Total Electron Content (TEC). Another negative effect was recorded on 13 May, while no signatures of composition changes and, specifically, to a decrease of the [O]/[N ] ratio. The IRI UP IONORING 2 data-assimilation procedure, recently developed to nowcast foF2 over Italy, proved to be quite reliable during this extreme event, being characterised just by an overestimation during the main phase of the storm, when the electron density and the height of the F region decreased and increased, respectively. Relevant outcomes of the work relate to the Rate Of TEC change Index (ROTI), which shows unusually high spatially distributed values on the nights of 10 and 11 May. The ROTI enhancements on 10 May might be linked to Stable Auroral Red (SAR) arcs and an equatorward displacement of the main ionospheric trough. Instead, the ROTI enhancements on 11 May might be triggered by a joint action of low-latitude plasma pushed poleward by the pre-reversal enhancement (PRE) in the post-sunset hours and wave-like perturbations propagating from the North. Furthermore, the storm generated immediate attention of the general public to Space Weather effects, including mid-latitude visible phenomena like SAR arcs. This paper outlines the report of the Space Weather Monitoring Group (SWMG) of the INGV Environment Department and its effort to disseminate information about this exceptional event.
Related Topics
Concepts
Geomagnetic storm
Storm
Ionosphere
Space weather
Coronal mass ejection
Earth's magnetic field
Environmental science
Climatology
Atmospheric sciences
Geology
Meteorology
Geography
Physics
Geophysics
Solar wind
Magnetic field
Quantum mechanics
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-9117
- https://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/download/9117/7683
- OA Status
- diamond
- Cited By
- 78
- References
- 96
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4400120772
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4400120772Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-9117Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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The effects of the May 2024 Mother’s Day superstorm over the Mediterranean sector: from data to public communicationWork title
- Type
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articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
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enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
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2024-06-27Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Luca Spogli, Tommaso Alberti, P. Bagiacchi, L. Cafarella, Claudio Cesaroni, Gianfranco Cianchini, Igino Coco, Domenico Di Mauro, Rebecca Ghidoni, Fabio Giannattasio, Alessandro Ippolito, Carlo Marcocci, Michael Pezzopane, Emanuele Pica, Alessio Pignalberi, Loredana Perrone, Vincenzo Romano, Dario Sabbagh, Carlo Scotto, Sabina Spadoni, Roberta Tozzi, Massimo ViolaList of authors in order
- Landing page
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https://doi.org/10.4401/ag-9117Publisher landing page
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https://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/download/9117/7683Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
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YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
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diamondOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
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https://www.annalsofgeophysics.eu/index.php/annals/article/download/9117/7683Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
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Geomagnetic storm, Storm, Ionosphere, Space weather, Coronal mass ejection, Earth's magnetic field, Environmental science, Climatology, Atmospheric sciences, Geology, Meteorology, Geography, Physics, Geophysics, Solar wind, Magnetic field, Quantum mechanicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
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78Total citation count in OpenAlex
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2025: 61, 2024: 17Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
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96Number of works referenced by this work
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10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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