The ethics of algorithms: key problems and solutions Article Swipe
Andreas Tsamados
,
Nikita Aggarwal
,
Josh Cowls
,
Jessica Morley
,
Huw Roberts
,
Mariarosaria Taddeo
,
Luciano Floridi
·
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8
Research on the ethics of algorithms has grown substantially over the past decade. Alongside the exponential development and application of machine learning algorithms, new ethical problems and solutions relating to their ubiquitous use in society have been proposed. This article builds on a review of the ethics of algorithms published in 2016 (Mittelstadt et al. Big Data Soc 3(2), 2016). The goals are to contribute to the debate on the identification and analysis of the ethical implications of algorithms, to provide an updated analysis of epistemic and normative concerns, and to offer actionable guidance for the governance of the design, development and deployment of algorithms.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8
- https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8.pdf
- OA Status
- hybrid
- Cited By
- 282
- References
- 153
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W3129794348
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W3129794348Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
The ethics of algorithms: key problems and solutionsWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2021Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2021-02-20Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Andreas Tsamados, Nikita Aggarwal, Josh Cowls, Jessica Morley, Huw Roberts, Mariarosaria Taddeo, Luciano FloridiList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Normative, Key (lock), Computer science, Software deployment, Corporate governance, Information ethics, Algorithm, Applied ethics, Management science, Data science, Engineering ethics, Artificial intelligence, Political science, Software engineering, Engineering, Management, Law, Computer security, EconomicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
282Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 78, 2024: 47, 2023: 65, 2022: 69, 2021: 22Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
153Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W3129794348 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8 |
| ids.mag | 3129794348 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W3129794348 |
| fwci | 48.03833359 |
| type | article |
| title | The ethics of algorithms: key problems and solutions |
| biblio.issue | 1 |
| biblio.volume | 37 |
| biblio.last_page | 230 |
| biblio.first_page | 215 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10883 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3311 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Safety Research |
| topics[0].display_name | Ethics and Social Impacts of AI |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11636 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[1].score | 0.9908000230789185 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2718 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Health Informatics |
| topics[1].display_name | Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11689 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/17 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Computer Science |
| topics[2].score | 0.9847999811172485 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1702 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Artificial Intelligence |
| topics[2].display_name | Adversarial Robustness in Machine Learning |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2290 |
| apc_list.currency | EUR |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2890 |
| apc_paid.value | 2290 |
| apc_paid.currency | EUR |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2890 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C44725695 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.6406162977218628 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288156 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Normative |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C26517878 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6315377354621887 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Key (lock) |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[2].level | 0 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.612869143486023 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C105339364 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5949996709823608 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2297740 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Software deployment |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C39389867 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.4669189453125 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Corporate governance |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C93474598 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.45260089635849 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662553 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Information ethics |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C11413529 |
| concepts[6].level | 1 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.446365088224411 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Algorithm |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C59377095 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.4257047772407532 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q538733 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Applied ethics |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C539667460 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.39050421118736267 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Management science |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C2522767166 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.36139270663261414 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Data science |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C55587333 |
| concepts[10].level | 1 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.33832794427871704 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Engineering ethics |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C154945302 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.333868145942688 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C17744445 |
| concepts[12].level | 0 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.15872004628181458 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Political science |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C115903868 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.15172645449638367 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Software engineering |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[14].level | 0 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.14264041185379028 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C187736073 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.12391132116317749 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Management |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C199539241 |
| concepts[16].level | 1 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.10879653692245483 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Law |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C38652104 |
| concepts[17].level | 1 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.09903621673583984 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Computer security |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C162324750 |
| concepts[18].level | 0 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.0811711847782135 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Economics |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/normative |
| keywords[0].score | 0.6406162977218628 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Normative |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/key |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6315377354621887 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Key (lock) |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[2].score | 0.612869143486023 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/software-deployment |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5949996709823608 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Software deployment |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance |
| keywords[4].score | 0.4669189453125 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Corporate governance |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/information-ethics |
| keywords[5].score | 0.45260089635849 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Information ethics |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm |
| keywords[6].score | 0.446365088224411 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Algorithm |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/applied-ethics |
| keywords[7].score | 0.4257047772407532 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Applied ethics |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science |
| keywords[8].score | 0.39050421118736267 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Management science |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science |
| keywords[9].score | 0.36139270663261414 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Data science |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics |
| keywords[10].score | 0.33832794427871704 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Engineering ethics |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence |
| keywords[11].score | 0.333868145942688 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science |
| keywords[12].score | 0.15872004628181458 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Political science |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/software-engineering |
| keywords[13].score | 0.15172645449638367 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Software engineering |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[14].score | 0.14264041185379028 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[15].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/management |
| keywords[15].score | 0.12391132116317749 |
| keywords[15].display_name | Management |
| keywords[16].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/law |
| keywords[16].score | 0.10879653692245483 |
| keywords[16].display_name | Law |
| keywords[17].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security |
| keywords[17].score | 0.09903621673583984 |
| keywords[17].display_name | Computer security |
| keywords[18].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/economics |
| keywords[18].score | 0.0811711847782135 |
| keywords[18].display_name | Economics |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210190517 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 0951-5666, 1435-5655 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 0951-5666 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | AI & Society |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Springer Nature |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Springer Nature |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | AI & SOCIETY |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8 |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5067850526 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Andreas Tsamados |
| authorships[0].countries | GB |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/052gg0110 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | University of Oxford |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Andreas Tsamados |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5036412233 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Nikita Aggarwal |
| authorships[1].countries | GB |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/052gg0110 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | University of Oxford |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Nikita Aggarwal |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5011861720 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8545-5068 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Josh Cowls |
| authorships[2].countries | GB |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/052gg0110 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | University of Oxford |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Josh Cowls |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5014136509 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5221-4770 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Jessica Morley |
| authorships[3].countries | GB |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/052gg0110 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | University of Oxford |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Jessica Morley |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5044309586 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9610-7245 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Huw Roberts |
| authorships[4].countries | GB |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/052gg0110 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | University of Oxford |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Huw Roberts |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5003032735 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1181-649X |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Mariarosaria Taddeo |
| authorships[5].countries | GB |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/052gg0110 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I40120149 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | University of Oxford |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Mariarosaria Taddeo |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles', Oxford, OX1 3JS, UK |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5046574356 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5444-2280 |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Luciano Floridi |
| authorships[6].countries | GB |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I125680101, https://openalex.org/I2800016483 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Rd, London, NW1 2DB, UK |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I2800016483 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05dhe8b71 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | archive |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2800016483 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | British Library |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I125680101 |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/02x2mw849 |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].type | facility |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I125680101 |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].country_code | GB |
| authorships[6].institutions[1].display_name | Turing Institute |
| authorships[6].author_position | last |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Luciano Floridi |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | Alan Turing Institute, British Library, 96 Euston Rd, London, NW1 2DB, UK |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | hybrid |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | The ethics of algorithms: key problems and solutions |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10883 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Social Sciences |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998999834060669 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3311 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Safety Research |
| primary_topic.display_name | Ethics and Social Impacts of AI |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W1992906615, https://openalex.org/W3145544010, https://openalex.org/W2388468845, https://openalex.org/W2531347617, https://openalex.org/W4221142318, https://openalex.org/W2525989602, https://openalex.org/W2601440488, https://openalex.org/W3128141093, https://openalex.org/W657543122, https://openalex.org/W2781306044 |
| cited_by_count | 282 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 78 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 47 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 65 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 69 |
| counts_by_year[4].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[4].cited_by_count | 22 |
| counts_by_year[5].year | 2020 |
| counts_by_year[5].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 1 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210190517 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 0951-5666, 1435-5655 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 0951-5666 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | AI & Society |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Springer Nature |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Springer Nature |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | AI & SOCIETY |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210190517 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 0951-5666, 1435-5655 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 0951-5666 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | AI & Society |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Springer Nature |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319965 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Springer Nature |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | AI & SOCIETY |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8 |
| publication_date | 2021-02-20 |
| publication_year | 2021 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2473418344, https://openalex.org/W2995382404, https://openalex.org/W3107699519, https://openalex.org/W410020276, https://openalex.org/W2575439561, https://openalex.org/W2974071289, https://openalex.org/W1819662813, https://openalex.org/W2983319964, https://openalex.org/W2738411409, https://openalex.org/W2507975203, https://openalex.org/W2599025709, https://openalex.org/W4255489085, https://openalex.org/W2886443472, https://openalex.org/W1974423219, https://openalex.org/W1500693574, https://openalex.org/W2951949378, https://openalex.org/W3122548859, https://openalex.org/W2901662176, https://openalex.org/W3123734523, https://openalex.org/W3184445822, https://openalex.org/W2474972129, https://openalex.org/W4240224338, https://openalex.org/W2749400060, https://openalex.org/W2742108348, https://openalex.org/W1648303880, https://openalex.org/W2498041801, https://openalex.org/W2618631885, https://openalex.org/W2618399361, https://openalex.org/W1991112424, https://openalex.org/W2553338792, https://openalex.org/W2765330044, https://openalex.org/W2944988415, https://openalex.org/W2925023100, https://openalex.org/W2954266614, https://openalex.org/W2554467860, https://openalex.org/W2902634493, https://openalex.org/W3014499801, https://openalex.org/W2769449989, https://openalex.org/W2079283960, https://openalex.org/W2901481055, https://openalex.org/W3001248429, https://openalex.org/W2964316623, https://openalex.org/W2991542819, https://openalex.org/W2949448858, https://openalex.org/W2963919731, https://openalex.org/W2013371377, https://openalex.org/W2914777010, https://openalex.org/W2964383556, https://openalex.org/W2487770199, https://openalex.org/W2802652064, https://openalex.org/W2962770929, https://openalex.org/W3001754608, https://openalex.org/W2403343111, https://openalex.org/W2954884160, https://openalex.org/W2469532945, https://openalex.org/W2550925836, https://openalex.org/W2740983644, https://openalex.org/W2792183666, https://openalex.org/W2890576255, https://openalex.org/W3122096182, https://openalex.org/W2610178560, https://openalex.org/W2750144484, https://openalex.org/W2603644021, https://openalex.org/W2799792670, https://openalex.org/W2907188417, https://openalex.org/W2805992252, https://openalex.org/W2980951591, https://openalex.org/W2557671501, https://openalex.org/W2790980374, https://openalex.org/W2996541402, https://openalex.org/W3003851578, https://openalex.org/W2898970033, https://openalex.org/W2981869278, https://openalex.org/W2887502827, https://openalex.org/W3125143440, https://openalex.org/W2885615224, https://openalex.org/W2707346992, https://openalex.org/W2785291028, https://openalex.org/W2900227103, https://openalex.org/W2891525068, https://openalex.org/W2804228501, https://openalex.org/W2738428139, https://openalex.org/W2964108846, https://openalex.org/W2916303217, https://openalex.org/W2980460182, https://openalex.org/W3121900268, https://openalex.org/W2988293491, https://openalex.org/W2982103734, https://openalex.org/W2963588812, https://openalex.org/W2897154134, https://openalex.org/W4254943578, https://openalex.org/W2942109571, https://openalex.org/W2767135255, https://openalex.org/W2607757716, https://openalex.org/W2800520656, https://openalex.org/W2888649442, https://openalex.org/W2987177316, https://openalex.org/W2112036221, https://openalex.org/W2136635136, https://openalex.org/W4238893454, https://openalex.org/W2765146466, https://openalex.org/W2587162593, https://openalex.org/W2523884223, https://openalex.org/W3122293698, https://openalex.org/W2921763762, https://openalex.org/W2940334325, https://openalex.org/W2967578682, https://openalex.org/W2888391998, https://openalex.org/W2947160886, https://openalex.org/W2758091483, https://openalex.org/W2963290659, https://openalex.org/W2787690100, https://openalex.org/W2888233014, https://openalex.org/W2892104346, https://openalex.org/W2889905270, https://openalex.org/W3157337244, https://openalex.org/W3129979751, https://openalex.org/W2019363670, https://openalex.org/W2885659818, https://openalex.org/W2619904157, https://openalex.org/W2767754275, https://openalex.org/W3003162384, https://openalex.org/W2963808661, https://openalex.org/W3125569121, https://openalex.org/W2522104760, https://openalex.org/W2956281901, https://openalex.org/W1498112155, https://openalex.org/W3125706011, https://openalex.org/W2335024046, https://openalex.org/W3125934621, https://openalex.org/W3014632866, https://openalex.org/W3017343191, https://openalex.org/W2896833840, https://openalex.org/W2996844929, https://openalex.org/W2897702578, https://openalex.org/W2764040709, https://openalex.org/W3003646990, https://openalex.org/W649600374, https://openalex.org/W2798635258, https://openalex.org/W2892568259, https://openalex.org/W3112702808, https://openalex.org/W2795038878, https://openalex.org/W3126028293, https://openalex.org/W2703592991, https://openalex.org/W2909350736, https://openalex.org/W2964153729, https://openalex.org/W2913700606, https://openalex.org/W2955687484, https://openalex.org/W3127041215, https://openalex.org/W2594475271, https://openalex.org/W2727765976, https://openalex.org/W2124520920, https://openalex.org/W2124002192 |
| referenced_works_count | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.et | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 34, 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 5, 20, 45, 48, 74, 78, 85, 98, 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 2, 42, 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 30, 64, 66, 80, 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Big | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Soc | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.al. | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 18, 27, 72, 87, 90, 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.new | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 3, 11, 15, 46, 67, 70, 75, 96, 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2016 | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Data | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.past | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3(2), | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.goals | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.grown | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.offer | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2016). | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.builds | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.debate | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ethics | 4, 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.review | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.article | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decade. | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.design, | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ethical | 25, 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.machine | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provide | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.society | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.updated | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Research | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 73, 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.guidance | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.learning | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.problems | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relating | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Alongside | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concerns, | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.epistemic | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.normative | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposed. | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.published | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solutions | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.actionable | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.algorithms | 6, 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contribute | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deployment | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.governance | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ubiquitous | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.algorithms, | 23, 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.algorithms. | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.application | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.development | 17, 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exponential | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(Mittelstadt | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implications | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.substantially | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identification | 71 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 100 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 7 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.99882795 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | True |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |