The evolution of three generations of platelet concentrates products: a leap from classical formulations to the era of extracellular vesicles Article Swipe
Y Li
,
Huimin You
,
Chi-Yu Ou
,
Hongyuan Zhu
,
Biao Cheng
,
Ju Tian
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1628565
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1628565
Platelet concentrates (PCs) have evolved from classical formulations to exosome-based therapies, reflecting a paradigm shift in regenerative medicine. This review analyzes three generations of PCs products, comparing their technological progress, functional differences, and clinical applications. It proposes a novel function-driven classification system that redefines PCs generations based on biological activity rather than chronological development. First-generation PCs, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP) and platelet-rich growth factor plasma (PRGF), employ centrifugation to concentrate platelets but exhibit limited therapeutic duration due to rapid growth factor depletion and absent fibrin matrices. Second-generation PCs, including platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and concentrated growth factor (CGF), form natural fibrin networks through low-speed centrifugation, facilitating prolonged cytokine release, though their effectiveness depends heavily on cellular viability. Third-generation PCs represent a paradigm shift by harnessing extracellular vesicles, notably platelet-derived exosomes (PLEXOs). These 30–150 nm vesicles carry growth factors, miRNAs, and lipids, mediating targeted intercellular signaling, immune regulation, and regenerative processes. PLEXOs exhibit greater therapeutic efficacy than previous PCs generations in diverse clinical contexts. Our systematic analysis of PCs evolution and underlying molecular mechanisms addresses three key limitations of extracellular vesicle-based therapies: poor isolation efficiency, regulatory ambiguity, and inconsistent treatment protocols. Critical challenges persist in standardizing extracellular vesicle isolation, scaling production, and validating long-term safety. Future solutions may involve engineered extracellular vesicles, genomic editing, and aptamer-functionalized precision theranostics. The proposed “PRP rapid activation → PRF scaffolding → PLEXOs repair” tri-step therapy demonstrates how intergenerational synergies could advance regenerative medicine with enhanced precision and clinical potential.
Related Topics
Concepts
Microvesicles
Extracellular vesicle
Exosome
Extracellular vesicles
Cell biology
Fibrin
Biology
Extracellular
Growth factor
Vesicle
Regenerative medicine
Platelet
Platelet activation
Computational biology
microRNA
Immunology
Biochemistry
Gene
Stem cell
Receptor
Membrane
Metadata
- Type
- review
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1628565
- https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1628565/pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- References
- 45
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4413037160
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W4413037160Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1628565Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
The evolution of three generations of platelet concentrates products: a leap from classical formulations to the era of extracellular vesiclesWork title
- Type
-
reviewOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-08-07Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Y Li, Huimin You, Chi-Yu Ou, Hongyuan Zhu, Biao Cheng, Ju TianList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1628565Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1628565/pdfDirect link to full text PDF
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YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/bioengineering-and-biotechnology/articles/10.3389/fbioe.2025.1628565/pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
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Microvesicles, Extracellular vesicle, Exosome, Extracellular vesicles, Cell biology, Fibrin, Biology, Extracellular, Growth factor, Vesicle, Regenerative medicine, Platelet, Platelet activation, Computational biology, microRNA, Immunology, Biochemistry, Gene, Stem cell, Receptor, MembraneTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
0Total citation count in OpenAlex
- References (count)
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45Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
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