The Existence of the StartReact Effect Implies Reticulospinal, Not Corticospinal, Inputs Dominate Drive to Motoneurons during Voluntary Movement Article Swipe
Jesus A. Tapia
,
Takamichi Tohyama
,
Annie Poll
,
Stuart N. Baker
·
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2473-21.2022
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2473-21.2022
Reaction time is accelerated if a loud (startling) sound accompanies the cue-the "StartReact" effect. Animal studies revealed a reticulospinal substrate for the startle reflex; StartReact may similarly involve the reticulospinal tract, but this is currently uncertain. Here we trained two female macaque monkeys to perform elbow flexion/extension movements following a visual cue. The cue was sometimes accompanied by a loud sound, generating a StartReact effect in electromyogram response latency, as seen in humans. Extracellular recordings were made from antidromically identified corticospinal neurons in primary motor cortex (M1), from the reticular formation (RF), and from the spinal cord (SC; C5-C8 segments). After loud sound, task-related activity was suppressed in M1 (latency, 70-200 ms after cue), but was initially enhanced (70-80 ms) and then suppressed (140-210 ms) in RF. SC activity was unchanged. In a computational model, we simulated a motoneuron pool receiving input from different proportions of the average M1 and RF activity recorded experimentally. Motoneuron firing generated simulated electromyogram, allowing reaction time measurements. Only if ≥60% of motoneuron drive came from RF (≤40% from M1) did loud sound shorten reaction time. The extent of shortening increased as more drive came from RF. If RF provided <60% of drive, loud sound lengthened the reaction time-the opposite of experimental findings. The majority of the drive for voluntary movements is thus likely to originate from the brainstem, not the cortex; changes in the magnitude of the StartReact effect can measure a shift in the relative importance of descending systems.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our results reveal that a loud sound has opposite effects on neural spiking in corticospinal cells from primary motor cortex, and in the reticular formation. We show that this fortuitously allows changes in reaction time produced by a loud sound to be used to assess the relative importance of reticulospinal versus corticospinal control of movement, validating previous noninvasive measurements in humans. Our findings suggest that the majority of the descending drive to motoneurons producing voluntary movement in primates comes from the reticulospinal tract, not the corticospinal tract.
Related Topics
Concepts
Reticular formation
Neuroscience
Brainstem
Psychology
Spinal cord
Primary motor cortex
Motor cortex
Paramedian pontine reticular formation
Corticospinal tract
Stimulation
Medicine
Radiology
Diffusion MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2473-21.2022
- https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/42/40/7634.full.pdf
- OA Status
- hybrid
- Cited By
- 43
- References
- 71
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4294295571
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4294295571Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2473-21.2022Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
The Existence of the StartReact Effect Implies Reticulospinal, Not Corticospinal, Inputs Dominate Drive to Motoneurons during Voluntary MovementWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2022Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2022-09-02Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Jesus A. Tapia, Takamichi Tohyama, Annie Poll, Stuart N. BakerList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2473-21.2022Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/42/40/7634.full.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
hybridOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/42/40/7634.full.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Reticular formation, Neuroscience, Brainstem, Psychology, Spinal cord, Primary motor cortex, Motor cortex, Paramedian pontine reticular formation, Corticospinal tract, Stimulation, Medicine, Radiology, Diffusion MRI, Magnetic resonance imagingTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
43Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 22, 2024: 10, 2023: 10, 2022: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
71Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4294295571 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2473-21.2022 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2473-21.2022 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36658461 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4294295571 |
| fwci | 4.77288691 |
| mesh[0].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[0].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[0].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[0].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[0].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[1].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[1].descriptor_ui | D000818 |
| mesh[1].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[1].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[1].descriptor_name | Animals |
| mesh[2].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[2].descriptor_ui | D005260 |
| mesh[2].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[2].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[2].descriptor_name | Female |
| mesh[3].qualifier_ui | Q000502 |
| mesh[3].descriptor_ui | D011712 |
| mesh[3].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[3].qualifier_name | physiology |
| mesh[3].descriptor_name | Pyramidal Tracts |
| mesh[4].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[4].descriptor_ui | D004576 |
| mesh[4].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[4].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[4].descriptor_name | Electromyography |
| mesh[5].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[5].descriptor_ui | D009046 |
| mesh[5].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[5].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[5].descriptor_name | Motor Neurons |
| mesh[6].qualifier_ui | Q000502 |
| mesh[6].descriptor_ui | D011930 |
| mesh[6].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[6].qualifier_name | physiology |
| mesh[6].descriptor_name | Reaction Time |
| mesh[7].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_ui | D009068 |
| mesh[7].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[7].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[7].descriptor_name | Movement |
| mesh[8].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[8].descriptor_ui | D008251 |
| mesh[8].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[8].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[8].descriptor_name | Macaca |
| mesh[9].qualifier_ui | Q000502 |
| mesh[9].descriptor_ui | D013216 |
| mesh[9].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[9].qualifier_name | physiology |
| mesh[9].descriptor_name | Reflex, Startle |
| mesh[10].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[10].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[10].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[10].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[10].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[11].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[11].descriptor_ui | D000818 |
| mesh[11].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[11].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[11].descriptor_name | Animals |
| mesh[12].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[12].descriptor_ui | D005260 |
| mesh[12].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[12].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[12].descriptor_name | Female |
| mesh[13].qualifier_ui | Q000502 |
| mesh[13].descriptor_ui | D011712 |
| mesh[13].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[13].qualifier_name | physiology |
| mesh[13].descriptor_name | Pyramidal Tracts |
| mesh[14].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[14].descriptor_ui | D004576 |
| mesh[14].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[14].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[14].descriptor_name | Electromyography |
| mesh[15].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[15].descriptor_ui | D009046 |
| mesh[15].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[15].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[15].descriptor_name | Motor Neurons |
| mesh[16].qualifier_ui | Q000502 |
| mesh[16].descriptor_ui | D011930 |
| mesh[16].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[16].qualifier_name | physiology |
| mesh[16].descriptor_name | Reaction Time |
| mesh[17].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[17].descriptor_ui | D009068 |
| mesh[17].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[17].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[17].descriptor_name | Movement |
| mesh[18].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[18].descriptor_ui | D008251 |
| mesh[18].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[18].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[18].descriptor_name | Macaca |
| mesh[19].qualifier_ui | Q000502 |
| mesh[19].descriptor_ui | D013216 |
| mesh[19].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[19].qualifier_name | physiology |
| mesh[19].descriptor_name | Reflex, Startle |
| mesh[20].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[20].descriptor_ui | D006801 |
| mesh[20].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[20].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[20].descriptor_name | Humans |
| mesh[21].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[21].descriptor_ui | D000818 |
| mesh[21].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[21].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[21].descriptor_name | Animals |
| mesh[22].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[22].descriptor_ui | D005260 |
| mesh[22].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[22].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[22].descriptor_name | Female |
| mesh[23].qualifier_ui | Q000502 |
| mesh[23].descriptor_ui | D011712 |
| mesh[23].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[23].qualifier_name | physiology |
| mesh[23].descriptor_name | Pyramidal Tracts |
| mesh[24].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[24].descriptor_ui | D004576 |
| mesh[24].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[24].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[24].descriptor_name | Electromyography |
| mesh[25].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[25].descriptor_ui | D009046 |
| mesh[25].is_major_topic | True |
| mesh[25].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[25].descriptor_name | Motor Neurons |
| mesh[26].qualifier_ui | Q000502 |
| mesh[26].descriptor_ui | D011930 |
| mesh[26].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[26].qualifier_name | physiology |
| mesh[26].descriptor_name | Reaction Time |
| mesh[27].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[27].descriptor_ui | D009068 |
| mesh[27].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[27].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[27].descriptor_name | Movement |
| mesh[28].qualifier_ui | |
| mesh[28].descriptor_ui | D008251 |
| mesh[28].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[28].qualifier_name | |
| mesh[28].descriptor_name | Macaca |
| mesh[29].qualifier_ui | Q000502 |
| mesh[29].descriptor_ui | D013216 |
| mesh[29].is_major_topic | False |
| mesh[29].qualifier_name | physiology |
| mesh[29].descriptor_name | Reflex, Startle |
| type | article |
| title | The Existence of the StartReact Effect Implies Reticulospinal, Not Corticospinal, Inputs Dominate Drive to Motoneurons during Voluntary Movement |
| biblio.issue | 40 |
| biblio.volume | 42 |
| biblio.last_page | 7647 |
| biblio.first_page | 7634 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10784 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998000264167786 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2204 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Biomedical Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Muscle activation and electromyography studies |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10982 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/28 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Neuroscience |
| topics[1].score | 0.9995999932289124 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2805 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Cognitive Neuroscience |
| topics[1].display_name | Motor Control and Adaptation |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10614 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/28 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Neuroscience |
| topics[2].score | 0.9986000061035156 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2808 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Neurology |
| topics[2].display_name | Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C2778655484 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7345137596130371 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q750588 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Reticular formation |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C169760540 |
| concepts[1].level | 1 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6134242415428162 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Neuroscience |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C551621295 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5563110709190369 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182228 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Brainstem |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C15744967 |
| concepts[3].level | 0 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.4738888144493103 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Psychology |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C2780775167 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.46639129519462585 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9606 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Spinal cord |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C2780307956 |
| concepts[5].level | 4 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.42695194482803345 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18707 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Primary motor cortex |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C2778373776 |
| concepts[6].level | 3 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4221709966659546 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18696 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Motor cortex |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C2776486484 |
| concepts[7].level | 4 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.42099428176879883 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1282504 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Paramedian pontine reticular formation |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C2779779279 |
| concepts[8].level | 4 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.4167148172855377 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19915308 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Corticospinal tract |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C24998067 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.2593701183795929 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Stimulation |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C71924100 |
| concepts[10].level | 0 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.19011670351028442 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Medicine |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C126838900 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Radiology |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C149550507 |
| concepts[12].level | 3 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899360 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Diffusion MRI |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C143409427 |
| concepts[13].level | 2 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161238 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Magnetic resonance imaging |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/reticular-formation |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7345137596130371 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Reticular formation |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6134242415428162 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Neuroscience |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/brainstem |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5563110709190369 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Brainstem |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology |
| keywords[3].score | 0.4738888144493103 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Psychology |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/spinal-cord |
| keywords[4].score | 0.46639129519462585 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Spinal cord |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-motor-cortex |
| keywords[5].score | 0.42695194482803345 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Primary motor cortex |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-cortex |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4221709966659546 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Motor cortex |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/paramedian-pontine-reticular-formation |
| keywords[7].score | 0.42099428176879883 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Paramedian pontine reticular formation |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/corticospinal-tract |
| keywords[8].score | 0.4167148172855377 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Corticospinal tract |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/stimulation |
| keywords[9].score | 0.2593701183795929 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Stimulation |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine |
| keywords[10].score | 0.19011670351028442 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Medicine |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2473-21.2022 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S5555990 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 0270-6474, 1529-2401 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 0270-6474 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Journal of Neuroscience |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319739 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Society for Neuroscience |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319739 |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/42/40/7634.full.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | The Journal of Neuroscience |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2473-21.2022 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:36658461 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36658461 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9546468 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].license | other-oa |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | Text |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | J Neurosci |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9546468 |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:eprints.ncl.ac.uk:282504 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source | |
| locations[3].license | cc-by |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://eprints.ncl.ac.uk/282504 |
| indexed_in | crossref, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5046650045 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Jesus A. Tapia |
| authorships[0].countries | GB, MX |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I84884186 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | 3Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I721619 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | 1Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, C.P. 72000 Puebla, Mexico |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I84884186 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01kj2bm70 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I84884186 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Newcastle University |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I721619 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/03p2z7827 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I721619 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | MX |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Jesus A. Tapia |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | 1Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, C.P. 72000 Puebla, Mexico, 3Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5083682916 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Takamichi Tohyama |
| authorships[1].countries | GB, JP |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I145673806 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | 2Department of Rehabilitation Medicine I, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I84884186 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | 3Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I84884186 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01kj2bm70 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I84884186 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Newcastle University |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I145673806 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/046f6cx68 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I145673806 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | JP |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | Fujita Health University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Takamichi Tohyama |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | 2Department of Rehabilitation Medicine I, School of Medicine, Fujita Health University, Aichi 470-1192, Japan, 3Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5068942634 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6459-8897 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Annie Poll |
| authorships[2].countries | GB |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I84884186 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | 3Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I84884186 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01kj2bm70 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I84884186 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Newcastle University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Annie Poll |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | 3Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5034765161 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8118-4048 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Stuart N. Baker |
| authorships[3].countries | GB |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I84884186 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | 3Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I84884186 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01kj2bm70 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I84884186 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | GB |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Newcastle University |
| authorships[3].author_position | last |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Stuart N. Baker |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | 3Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/42/40/7634.full.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | hybrid |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | The Existence of the StartReact Effect Implies Reticulospinal, Not Corticospinal, Inputs Dominate Drive to Motoneurons during Voluntary Movement |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10784 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998000264167786 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2204 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Biomedical Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Muscle activation and electromyography studies |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2312516900, https://openalex.org/W18648915, https://openalex.org/W2094503771, https://openalex.org/W281829599, https://openalex.org/W2097434770, https://openalex.org/W2413372675, https://openalex.org/W2151855371, https://openalex.org/W2132023973, https://openalex.org/W2437737898, https://openalex.org/W1990564140 |
| cited_by_count | 43 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 22 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 10 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 10 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 4 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2473-21.2022 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S5555990 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 0270-6474, 1529-2401 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 0270-6474 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Journal of Neuroscience |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319739 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Society for Neuroscience |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319739 |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/42/40/7634.full.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | The Journal of Neuroscience |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2473-21.2022 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2473-21.2022 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S5555990 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 0270-6474, 1529-2401 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 0270-6474 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Journal of Neuroscience |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310319739 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Society for Neuroscience |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310319739 |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.jneurosci.org/content/jneuro/42/40/7634.full.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | The Journal of Neuroscience |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2473-21.2022 |
| publication_date | 2022-09-02 |
| publication_year | 2022 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2163603465, https://openalex.org/W2110065044, https://openalex.org/W2041039565, https://openalex.org/W2990315947, https://openalex.org/W2125050249, https://openalex.org/W2896029456, https://openalex.org/W2096522984, https://openalex.org/W2040739363, https://openalex.org/W2036448250, https://openalex.org/W2242665756, https://openalex.org/W2060569831, https://openalex.org/W2297782999, https://openalex.org/W2752777408, https://openalex.org/W2258378026, https://openalex.org/W2139855831, https://openalex.org/W2037344308, https://openalex.org/W2557931062, https://openalex.org/W2548552082, https://openalex.org/W1781984182, https://openalex.org/W1989842870, https://openalex.org/W2066905700, https://openalex.org/W2024307232, https://openalex.org/W2208197718, https://openalex.org/W1523873362, https://openalex.org/W4223545863, https://openalex.org/W2396446279, https://openalex.org/W2092197838, https://openalex.org/W2900613497, https://openalex.org/W2605859758, https://openalex.org/W2015726466, https://openalex.org/W2311260238, https://openalex.org/W2766418257, https://openalex.org/W2039335762, https://openalex.org/W2969055993, https://openalex.org/W1995424141, https://openalex.org/W3014560141, https://openalex.org/W2052129348, https://openalex.org/W2019124352, https://openalex.org/W1883428669, https://openalex.org/W2066294849, https://openalex.org/W2069931166, https://openalex.org/W2921605530, https://openalex.org/W1602563799, https://openalex.org/W2756375591, https://openalex.org/W2170030559, https://openalex.org/W2052025479, https://openalex.org/W2898191559, https://openalex.org/W2119432914, https://openalex.org/W1966814296, https://openalex.org/W1973564329, https://openalex.org/W2066016941, https://openalex.org/W2415305822, https://openalex.org/W2048013718, https://openalex.org/W3095982732, https://openalex.org/W2189606834, https://openalex.org/W4254677791, https://openalex.org/W2247321193, https://openalex.org/W2030561821, https://openalex.org/W1939881362, https://openalex.org/W2807803523, https://openalex.org/W1545972494, https://openalex.org/W2091919567, https://openalex.org/W3092534469, https://openalex.org/W2800337566, https://openalex.org/W2919154894, https://openalex.org/W2562531072, https://openalex.org/W2047775653, https://openalex.org/W1766827670, https://openalex.org/W2044890387, https://openalex.org/W2152940329, https://openalex.org/W2182516915 |
| referenced_works_count | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 5, 17, 49, 58, 62, 132, 137, 237, 251, 284 |
| abstract_inverted_index.If | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.M1 | 108, 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.RF | 150, 171, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.SC | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 272 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 69, 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 288 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 57, 283 |
| abstract_inverted_index.if | 4, 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 65, 71, 82, 107, 125, 228, 239, 260, 268, 279, 306, 323 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 2, 33, 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ms | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 145, 166, 183, 196, 205, 210, 231, 243, 295, 300, 314 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 257 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 43, 219, 287, 290, 318 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 37, 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.M1) | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Our | 247, 308 |
| abstract_inverted_index.RF. | 126, 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 52, 181, 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 92, 120, 149, 267 |
| abstract_inverted_index.but | 31, 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cue | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.did | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 20, 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 254 |
| abstract_inverted_index.may | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ms) | 119, 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 224, 330 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 10, 21, 28, 88, 94, 146, 201, 211, 222, 225, 229, 232, 240, 269, 292, 312, 315, 327, 331 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 54, 105, 115, 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(SC; | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.<60% | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Here | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Only | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.came | 169, 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cord | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cue. | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 77, 87, 93, 142, 170, 173, 190, 221, 263, 326 |
| abstract_inverted_index.loud | 6, 59, 101, 176, 198, 252, 285 |
| abstract_inverted_index.made | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pool | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.seen | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 273 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 250, 274, 311 |
| abstract_inverted_index.then | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 32, 275 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thus | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time | 1, 161, 281 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 289 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(M1), | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(RF), | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.After | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.C5-C8 | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.after | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cells | 262 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comes | 325 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cue), | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.drive | 168, 188, 212, 317 |
| abstract_inverted_index.elbow | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.input | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.motor | 84, 265 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shift | 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sound | 8, 177, 199, 253, 286 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time. | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(70-80 | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.70-200 | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Animal | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.allows | 277 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assess | 291 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cortex | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.drive, | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effect | 64, 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.extent | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.female | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.firing | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.likely | 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model, | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.neural | 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reveal | 249 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sound, | 60, 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spinal | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tract, | 30, 329 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tract. | 333 |
| abstract_inverted_index.versus | 297 |
| abstract_inverted_index.visual | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.≥60% | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(≤40% | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.average | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.changes | 227, 278 |
| abstract_inverted_index.control | 299 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cortex, | 266 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cortex; | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cue-the | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effect. | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effects | 256 |
| abstract_inverted_index.humans. | 72, 307 |
| abstract_inverted_index.involve | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.macaque | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measure | 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.monkeys | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.neurons | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.perform | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.primary | 83, 264 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reflex; | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 248 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shorten | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spiking | 259 |
| abstract_inverted_index.startle | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suggest | 310 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trained | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(140-210 | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Reaction | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activity | 104, 128, 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.allowing | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enhanced | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings | 309 |
| abstract_inverted_index.latency, | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.majority | 209, 313 |
| abstract_inverted_index.movement | 322 |
| abstract_inverted_index.opposite | 204, 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.previous | 303 |
| abstract_inverted_index.primates | 324 |
| abstract_inverted_index.produced | 282 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provided | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reaction | 160, 179, 202, 280 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recorded | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relative | 241, 293 |
| abstract_inverted_index.response | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.revealed | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time-the | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(latency, | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.currently | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings. | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.following | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.formation | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generated | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increased | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.initially | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.magnitude | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.movement, | 301 |
| abstract_inverted_index.movements | 47, 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.originate | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.producing | 320 |
| abstract_inverted_index.receiving | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reticular | 89, 270 |
| abstract_inverted_index.similarly | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulated | 136, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sometimes | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.substrate | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.voluntary | 214, 321 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Motoneuron | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.StartReact | 24, 63, 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.brainstem, | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.descending | 244, 316 |
| abstract_inverted_index.formation. | 271 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generating | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identified | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.importance | 242, 294 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lengthened | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.motoneuron | 138, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recordings | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.segments). | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shortening | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suppressed | 106, 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uncertain. | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unchanged. | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.validating | 302 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(startling) | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accelerated | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accompanied | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accompanies | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.motoneurons | 319 |
| abstract_inverted_index.noninvasive | 304 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proportions | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index."StartReact" | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.experimental | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fortuitously | 276 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measurements | 305 |
| abstract_inverted_index.task-related | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Extracellular | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.STATEMENT</b> | 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.computational | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.corticospinal | 80, 261, 298, 332 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measurements. | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.antidromically | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electromyogram | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reticulospinal | 18, 29, 296, 328 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electromyogram, | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.experimentally. | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flexion/extension | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems.<b>SIGNIFICANCE | 245 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 100 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| countries_distinct_count | 3 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 4 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.93989766 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |