The Immune System in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Pathogenesis Article Swipe
Luana Tripodi
,
Chiara Villa
,
Davide Molinaro
,
Yvan Torrente
,
Andrea Farini
·
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101447
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101447
Growing evidence demonstrates the crosstalk between the immune system and the skeletal muscle in inflammatory muscle diseases and dystrophic conditions such as Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD), as well as during normal muscle regeneration. The rising of inflammation and the consequent activation of the immune system are hallmarks of DMD: several efforts identified the immune cells that invade skeletal muscle as CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, Tregs, macrophages, eosinophils and natural killer T cells. The severity of muscle injury and inflammation dictates the impairment of muscle regeneration and the successive replacement of myofibers with connective and adipose tissue. Since immune system activation was traditionally considered as a consequence of muscular wasting, we recently demonstrated a defect in central tolerance caused by thymus alteration and the presence of autoreactive T-lymphocytes in DMD. Although the study of innate and adaptive immune responses and their complex relationship in DMD attracted the interest of many researchers in the last years, the results are so far barely exhaustive and sometimes contradictory. In this review, we describe the most recent improvements in the knowledge of immune system involvement in DMD pathogenesis, leading to new opportunities from a clinical point-of-view.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- review
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101447
- https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/10/1447/pdf?version=1634796745
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 51
- References
- 119
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W3207919191
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W3207919191Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101447Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
The Immune System in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy PathogenesisWork title
- Type
-
reviewOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2021Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2021-10-11Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Luana Tripodi, Chiara Villa, Davide Molinaro, Yvan Torrente, Andrea FariniList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101447Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/10/1447/pdf?version=1634796745Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/10/1447/pdf?version=1634796745Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Immune system, Inflammation, Immunology, Pathogenesis, Innate immune system, Acquired immune system, Muscular dystrophy, Wasting, Biology, Regeneration (biology), Skeletal muscle, mdx mouse, ITGA7, Medicine, Dystrophin, Cell biology, Anatomy, Endocrinology, Internal medicineTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
51Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 10, 2024: 10, 2023: 18, 2022: 12, 2021: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
119Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W3207919191 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101447 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101447 |
| ids.mag | 3207919191 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34680564 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W3207919191 |
| fwci | 4.19389437 |
| type | review |
| title | The Immune System in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Pathogenesis |
| biblio.issue | 10 |
| biblio.volume | 9 |
| biblio.last_page | 1447 |
| biblio.first_page | 1447 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10441 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998000264167786 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1312 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Molecular Biology |
| topics[0].display_name | Muscle Physiology and Disorders |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11585 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[1].score | 0.9940999746322632 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2742 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Rehabilitation |
| topics[1].display_name | Exercise and Physiological Responses |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11023 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9429000020027161 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2204 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Biomedical Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Prosthetics and Rehabilitation Robotics |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2200 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2382 |
| apc_paid.value | 2200 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2382 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C2778943923 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7988894581794739 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1648484 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C8891405 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7417386770248413 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1059 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Immune system |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C2776914184 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6183760762214661 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101991 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Inflammation |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C203014093 |
| concepts[3].level | 1 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.6009631752967834 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Immunology |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C2780942790 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.5528091788291931 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q372016 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Pathogenesis |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C136449434 |
| concepts[5].level | 3 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.5294332504272461 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428253 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Innate immune system |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C193419808 |
| concepts[6].level | 3 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.5200868844985962 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1645075 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Acquired immune system |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C2779030066 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.5121684074401855 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1137767 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Muscular dystrophy |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C2779764123 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.44183436036109924 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7972881 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Wasting |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[9].level | 0 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.4332703948020935 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Biology |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C171056886 |
| concepts[10].level | 2 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.43019014596939087 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193119 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Regeneration (biology) |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C2779959927 |
| concepts[11].level | 2 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.42171230912208557 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1048687 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Skeletal muscle |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C2778750056 |
| concepts[12].level | 4 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.41693252325057983 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q24976962 |
| concepts[12].display_name | mdx mouse |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C181709278 |
| concepts[13].level | 3 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.415131539106369 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18028020 |
| concepts[13].display_name | ITGA7 |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C71924100 |
| concepts[14].level | 0 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.3974735736846924 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Medicine |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C2780394045 |
| concepts[15].level | 3 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.2544677257537842 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q412285 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Dystrophin |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C95444343 |
| concepts[16].level | 1 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.152317076921463 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7141 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Cell biology |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C105702510 |
| concepts[17].level | 1 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.11942386627197266 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Anatomy |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C134018914 |
| concepts[18].level | 1 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.1146470308303833 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162606 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Endocrinology |
| concepts[19].id | https://openalex.org/C126322002 |
| concepts[19].level | 1 |
| concepts[19].score | 0.11368945240974426 |
| concepts[19].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180 |
| concepts[19].display_name | Internal medicine |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/duchenne-muscular-dystrophy |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7988894581794739 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/immune-system |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7417386770248413 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Immune system |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/inflammation |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6183760762214661 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Inflammation |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/immunology |
| keywords[3].score | 0.6009631752967834 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Immunology |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/pathogenesis |
| keywords[4].score | 0.5528091788291931 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Pathogenesis |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/innate-immune-system |
| keywords[5].score | 0.5294332504272461 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Innate immune system |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/acquired-immune-system |
| keywords[6].score | 0.5200868844985962 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Acquired immune system |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/muscular-dystrophy |
| keywords[7].score | 0.5121684074401855 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Muscular dystrophy |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/wasting |
| keywords[8].score | 0.44183436036109924 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Wasting |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/biology |
| keywords[9].score | 0.4332703948020935 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Biology |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/regeneration |
| keywords[10].score | 0.43019014596939087 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Regeneration (biology) |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/skeletal-muscle |
| keywords[11].score | 0.42171230912208557 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Skeletal muscle |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mdx-mouse |
| keywords[12].score | 0.41693252325057983 |
| keywords[12].display_name | mdx mouse |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/itga7 |
| keywords[13].score | 0.415131539106369 |
| keywords[13].display_name | ITGA7 |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine |
| keywords[14].score | 0.3974735736846924 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Medicine |
| keywords[15].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/dystrophin |
| keywords[15].score | 0.2544677257537842 |
| keywords[15].display_name | Dystrophin |
| keywords[16].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-biology |
| keywords[16].score | 0.152317076921463 |
| keywords[16].display_name | Cell biology |
| keywords[17].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy |
| keywords[17].score | 0.11942386627197266 |
| keywords[17].display_name | Anatomy |
| keywords[18].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/endocrinology |
| keywords[18].score | 0.1146470308303833 |
| keywords[18].display_name | Endocrinology |
| keywords[19].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine |
| keywords[19].score | 0.11368945240974426 |
| keywords[19].display_name | Internal medicine |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/biomedicines9101447 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2737005842 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2227-9059 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2227-9059 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Biomedicines |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/10/1447/pdf?version=1634796745 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Biomedicines |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101447 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:34680564 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Biomedicines |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34680564 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:air.unimi.it:2434/915900 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400516 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca (Universita Degli Studi Di Milano) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I189158943 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | University of Milan |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I189158943 |
| locations[2].license | other-oa |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://hdl.handle.net/2434/915900 |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:48ae30d4848b48869dad0381faecf9a0 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[3].license | cc-by-sa |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | article |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | Biomedicines, Vol 9, Iss 10, p 1447 (2021) |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/48ae30d4848b48869dad0381faecf9a0 |
| locations[4].id | pmh:oai:mdpi.com:/2227-9059/9/10/1447/ |
| locations[4].is_oa | True |
| locations[4].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400947 |
| locations[4].source.issn | |
| locations[4].source.type | repository |
| locations[4].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[4].source.issn_l | |
| locations[4].source.is_core | False |
| locations[4].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[4].source.display_name | MDPI (MDPI AG) |
| locations[4].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (Switzerland) |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I4210097602 |
| locations[4].license | cc-by |
| locations[4].pdf_url | |
| locations[4].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[4].raw_type | Text |
| locations[4].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[4].is_accepted | False |
| locations[4].is_published | False |
| locations[4].raw_source_name | Biomedicines; Volume 9; Issue 10; Pages: 1447 |
| locations[4].landing_page_url | https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101447 |
| locations[5].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8533196 |
| locations[5].is_oa | True |
| locations[5].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[5].source.issn | |
| locations[5].source.type | repository |
| locations[5].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[5].source.issn_l | |
| locations[5].source.is_core | False |
| locations[5].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[5].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[5].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[5].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[5].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[5].license | other-oa |
| locations[5].pdf_url | |
| locations[5].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[5].raw_type | Text |
| locations[5].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[5].is_accepted | False |
| locations[5].is_published | False |
| locations[5].raw_source_name | Biomedicines |
| locations[5].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8533196 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5006102661 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4446-2840 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Luana Tripodi |
| authorships[0].countries | IT |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I189158943, https://openalex.org/I2803066834 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I2803066834 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/016zn0y21 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2803066834, https://openalex.org/I4210153126 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I189158943 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00wjc7c48 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I189158943 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | IT |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | University of Milan |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Luana Tripodi |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5018046281 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3002-3372 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Chiara Villa |
| authorships[1].countries | IT |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I189158943, https://openalex.org/I2803066834 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I2803066834 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/016zn0y21 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2803066834, https://openalex.org/I4210153126 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I189158943 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00wjc7c48 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I189158943 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | IT |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | University of Milan |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Chiara Villa |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5065265291 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7536-208X |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Davide Molinaro |
| authorships[2].countries | IT |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I189158943, https://openalex.org/I2803066834 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I2803066834 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/016zn0y21 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2803066834, https://openalex.org/I4210153126 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I189158943 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00wjc7c48 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I189158943 |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].country_code | IT |
| authorships[2].institutions[1].display_name | University of Milan |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Davide Molinaro |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5004331148 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2705-3984 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Yvan Torrente |
| authorships[3].countries | IT |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I189158943, https://openalex.org/I2803066834 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I2803066834 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/016zn0y21 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2803066834, https://openalex.org/I4210153126 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I189158943 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00wjc7c48 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I189158943 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].country_code | IT |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].display_name | University of Milan |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Yvan Torrente |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5032353929 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8514-4921 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Andrea Farini |
| authorships[4].countries | IT |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I189158943, https://openalex.org/I2803066834 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I2803066834 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/016zn0y21 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I2803066834, https://openalex.org/I4210153126 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | IT |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I189158943 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/00wjc7c48 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I189158943 |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].country_code | IT |
| authorships[4].institutions[1].display_name | University of Milan |
| authorships[4].author_position | last |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Andrea Farini |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Laboratorio di Cellule Staminali, Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Centro Dino Ferrari, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122 Milan, Italy |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/10/1447/pdf?version=1634796745 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | The Immune System in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Pathogenesis |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10441 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/13 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998000264167786 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1312 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Molecular Biology |
| primary_topic.display_name | Muscle Physiology and Disorders |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2045245107, https://openalex.org/W2031279614, https://openalex.org/W2927824891, https://openalex.org/W2152723471, https://openalex.org/W2044981533, https://openalex.org/W2290101215, https://openalex.org/W2068751406, https://openalex.org/W2028480398, https://openalex.org/W2409196763, https://openalex.org/W206176448 |
| cited_by_count | 51 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 10 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 10 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 18 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 12 |
| counts_by_year[4].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[4].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 6 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/biomedicines9101447 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2737005842 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2227-9059 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2227-9059 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Biomedicines |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/10/1447/pdf?version=1634796745 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Biomedicines |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101447 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/biomedicines9101447 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2737005842 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2227-9059 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2227-9059 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Biomedicines |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/10/1447/pdf?version=1634796745 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Biomedicines |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9101447 |
| publication_date | 2021-10-11 |
| publication_year | 2021 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W1946297344, https://openalex.org/W2130824242, https://openalex.org/W1978478452, https://openalex.org/W2113831939, https://openalex.org/W2068560430, https://openalex.org/W1979731533, https://openalex.org/W3087644999, https://openalex.org/W3193799043, https://openalex.org/W2146138975, https://openalex.org/W2793055738, https://openalex.org/W2151328705, https://openalex.org/W2801573336, https://openalex.org/W2039809246, https://openalex.org/W3164273203, https://openalex.org/W1980606567, https://openalex.org/W2122290767, https://openalex.org/W2039177386, https://openalex.org/W2081486331, https://openalex.org/W2076615553, https://openalex.org/W2027854357, https://openalex.org/W2048067345, https://openalex.org/W2884946171, https://openalex.org/W2005044790, https://openalex.org/W2080303475, https://openalex.org/W2054929937, https://openalex.org/W2484682266, https://openalex.org/W3142623703, https://openalex.org/W3028446927, https://openalex.org/W2077413996, https://openalex.org/W2067660687, https://openalex.org/W2092641711, https://openalex.org/W3172297103, https://openalex.org/W1968195690, https://openalex.org/W1992650195, https://openalex.org/W6603161326, https://openalex.org/W1979157512, https://openalex.org/W2149748445, https://openalex.org/W1488324621, https://openalex.org/W1971262914, https://openalex.org/W2084380234, https://openalex.org/W2111712137, https://openalex.org/W1999353686, https://openalex.org/W2100648028, https://openalex.org/W2148703658, https://openalex.org/W2048659881, https://openalex.org/W2964468713, https://openalex.org/W2143911442, https://openalex.org/W1766033193, https://openalex.org/W3156008913, https://openalex.org/W2407931292, https://openalex.org/W2166496351, https://openalex.org/W2086030126, https://openalex.org/W2946230196, https://openalex.org/W2810744925, https://openalex.org/W2736939674, https://openalex.org/W2586135403, https://openalex.org/W2074824347, https://openalex.org/W1574278422, https://openalex.org/W1983484216, https://openalex.org/W2805509924, https://openalex.org/W2146663720, https://openalex.org/W2953862565, https://openalex.org/W6606993095, https://openalex.org/W2735778907, https://openalex.org/W2116885047, https://openalex.org/W2507347948, https://openalex.org/W2116476479, https://openalex.org/W2901294232, https://openalex.org/W2891123677, https://openalex.org/W1973835374, https://openalex.org/W2015268355, https://openalex.org/W2143379207, https://openalex.org/W2166438464, https://openalex.org/W4244124467, https://openalex.org/W2460055212, https://openalex.org/W6679572212, https://openalex.org/W2071201939, https://openalex.org/W2166059867, https://openalex.org/W2140909488, https://openalex.org/W2611567550, https://openalex.org/W2131018463, https://openalex.org/W2127620487, https://openalex.org/W3093335651, https://openalex.org/W3016405424, https://openalex.org/W2622243433, https://openalex.org/W2947629688, https://openalex.org/W2046270293, https://openalex.org/W2342603501, https://openalex.org/W4241832829, https://openalex.org/W2050388013, https://openalex.org/W2980523496, https://openalex.org/W77237496, https://openalex.org/W2068907790, https://openalex.org/W2909652098, https://openalex.org/W2099973111, https://openalex.org/W2898779551, https://openalex.org/W2043044540, https://openalex.org/W2165276410, https://openalex.org/W6652607690, https://openalex.org/W2008269431, https://openalex.org/W2117979247, https://openalex.org/W2920801323, https://openalex.org/W2144067550, https://openalex.org/W1559691988, https://openalex.org/W2062467557, https://openalex.org/W1989672313, https://openalex.org/W2144922436, https://openalex.org/W2761764474, https://openalex.org/W1977017572, https://openalex.org/W168143921, https://openalex.org/W2039006670, https://openalex.org/W2113089955, https://openalex.org/W3037820492, https://openalex.org/W3203558559, https://openalex.org/W2010253303, https://openalex.org/W2130307536, https://openalex.org/W2078383572, https://openalex.org/W2346451891, https://openalex.org/W1986739365 |
| referenced_works_count | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.T | 63, 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 105, 113, 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 21, 26, 28, 59, 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 13, 115, 128, 143, 151, 174, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 35, 41, 47, 75, 83, 90, 107, 125, 133, 148, 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.so | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 110, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.DMD | 144, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 33, 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 9, 17, 37, 61, 68, 78, 86, 94, 122, 135, 139, 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 45, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.far | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.new | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 3, 6, 10, 38, 42, 52, 81, 87, 123, 131, 146, 152, 155, 170, 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CD4+ | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CD8+ | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.DMD. | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.DMD: | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.last | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.many | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.most | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.such | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Since | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cells | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(DMD), | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Tregs, | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.barely | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.caused | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cells, | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cells. | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.defect | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.during | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.immune | 7, 43, 53, 98, 137, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.injury | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.innate | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.invade | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.killer | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.muscle | 12, 15, 31, 58, 76, 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.normal | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recent | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rising | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system | 8, 44, 99, 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thymus | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.years, | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Growing | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adipose | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.central | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complex | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efforts | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.leading | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.natural | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.review, | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.several | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tissue. | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Although | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Duchenne | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Muscular | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adaptive | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clinical | 190 |
| abstract_inverted_index.describe | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dictates | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diseases | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evidence | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interest | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.muscular | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presence | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recently | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.severity | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.skeletal | 11, 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wasting, | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Dystrophy | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.attracted | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.crosstalk | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hallmarks | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.knowledge | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.myofibers | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.responses | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sometimes | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tolerance | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.activation | 40, 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.alteration | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conditions | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.connective | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consequent | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considered | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dystrophic | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exhaustive | 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identified | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impairment | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.successive | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consequence | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.eosinophils | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.involvement | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.replacement | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.researchers | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.autoreactive | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrated | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrates | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improvements | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inflammation | 36, 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inflammatory | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.macrophages, | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regeneration | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relationship | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.T-lymphocytes | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.opportunities | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pathogenesis, | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regeneration. | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.traditionally | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contradictory. | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.point-of-view. | 191 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 100 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5032353929 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 5 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I189158943, https://openalex.org/I2803066834 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.8600000143051147 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Good health and well-being |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.9448771 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |