The Influence of Strain Rate Variations on Bonded-Particle Models in PFC Article Swipe
Ömer Ündül
,
Enes Zengin
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics5040082
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics5040082
Understanding the strain rate behavior of rock materials is key to geomechanical engineering. However, in numerical tools such as the Particle Flow Code (PFC), the chosen bonded-particle contact model also fundamentally dictates the mechanical response. A systematic comparison of how quasi-static strain rates affect different contact models, Parallel-Bonded (PBM), Soft-Bonded (SBM), and Flat-Jointed (FJM), using a common calibration baseline, has been lacking. This study addresses that gap by first calibrating all three models against identical laboratory data from the siltstone of Paleozoic-aged Trakya formation in Cebeciköy-Istanbul, Türkiye. Subsequently, numerical uniaxial loading simulations were conducted on the calibrated models at three distinct quasi-static strain rates (0.01, 0.005, and 0.001 s−1) to compare their stress–strain response, crack evolution, and failure patterns. The results demonstrate that while the initial elastic stiffness was largely insensitive to the applied strain rates across all models, the post-peak behavior and failure mechanism remained fundamentally distinct and model dependent. PBM consistently produced an abrupt, localized brittle failure, SBM exhibited more gradual softening with distributed tensile damage, and FJM displayed the most widespread, mixed-mode failure pattern. It is concluded that within the quasi-static loading conditions, the intrinsic formulation of the chosen contact model is a more dominant factor in controlling the failure style, damage localization, and post-peak characteristics than the specific strain rate applied.
Related Topics
Concepts
Strain rate
Stiffness
Materials science
Brittleness
Strain (injury)
Softening
Failure mechanism
Particle flow
Ultimate tensile strength
Composite material
Ultimate failure
Structural engineering
Geotechnical engineering
Mechanics
Calibration
Plasticity
Particle (ecology)
Mechanism (biology)
Tensile strain
Micromechanics
Contact force
Tensile testing
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics5040082
- https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7094/5/4/82/pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- References
- 35
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W7109963010
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
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https://openalex.org/W7109963010Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
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https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics5040082Digital Object Identifier
- Title
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The Influence of Strain Rate Variations on Bonded-Particle Models in PFCWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
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2025-12-06Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Ömer Ündül, Enes ZenginList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/geotechnics5040082Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7094/5/4/82/pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
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YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
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https://www.mdpi.com/2673-7094/5/4/82/pdfDirect OA link when available
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Strain rate, Stiffness, Materials science, Brittleness, Strain (injury), Softening, Failure mechanism, Particle flow, Ultimate tensile strength, Composite material, Ultimate failure, Structural engineering, Geotechnical engineering, Mechanics, Calibration, Plasticity, Particle (ecology), Mechanism (biology), Tensile strain, Micromechanics, Contact force, Tensile testingTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
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0Total citation count in OpenAlex
- References (count)
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35Number of works referenced by this work
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| abstract_inverted_index.rate | 3, 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rock | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.such | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 65, 122, 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.001 | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.crack | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.first | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model | 28, 149, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rates | 42, 103, 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.three | 71, 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tools | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(0.01, | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(FJM), | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(PBM), | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(PFC), | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(SBM), | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.005, | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Trakya | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.across | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.affect | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.chosen | 25, 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.common | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.damage | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.factor | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.models | 72, 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strain | 2, 41, 102, 134, 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.style, | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.s−1) | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.within | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.abrupt, | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.against | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applied | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.brittle | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compare | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contact | 27, 45, 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.damage, | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.elastic | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.failure | 117, 143, 175, 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gradual | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.initial | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.largely | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.loading | 90, 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.models, | 46, 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tensile | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Particle | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applied. | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.behavior | 4, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dictates | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distinct | 100, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dominant | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.failure, | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lacking. | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pattern. | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.produced | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.remained | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.specific | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uniaxial | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Türkiye. | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.addresses | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.baseline, | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concluded | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducted | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.displayed | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exhibited | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.formation | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.identical | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intrinsic | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.localized | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.materials | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mechanism | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.numerical | 15, 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patterns. | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.post-peak | 140, 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.response, | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.response. | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.siltstone | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.softening | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stiffness | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calibrated | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comparison | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dependent. | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evolution, | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.laboratory | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mechanical | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mixed-mode | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systematic | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Soft-Bonded | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calibrating | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calibration | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conditions, | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.controlling | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrate | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distributed | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.formulation | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.insensitive | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulations | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.widespread, | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Flat-Jointed | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consistently | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.engineering. | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quasi-static | 40, 101, 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Subsequently, | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Understanding | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fundamentally | 30, 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.geomechanical | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.localization, | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Paleozoic-aged | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Parallel-Bonded | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bonded-particle | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characteristics | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stress–strain | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Cebeciköy-Istanbul, | 85 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 2 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.71241605 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |