The Measurement of Contrast Sensitivity in Near Vision: The Use of a Digital System vs. a Conventional Printed Test Article Swipe
Kevin J. Mena-Guevara
,
David P. Piñero
,
María José Luque Cobija
,
Dolores de Fez Sáiz
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12070108
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12070108
In recent years, there has been intense development of digital diagnostic tests for vision. All of these tests must be validated for clinical use. The current study enrolled 51 healthy individuals (age 19–72 years) in which achromatic contrast sensitivity function (CSF) in near vision was measured with the printed Vistech VCTS test (Stereo Optical Co., Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and the Optopad-CSF (developed by our research group to be used on an iPad). Likewise, chromatic CSF was evaluated with a digital test. Statistically significant differences between tests were only found for the two higher spatial frequencies evaluated (p = 0.012 and <0.001, respectively). The mean achromatic index of contrast sensitivity (ICS) was 0.02 ± 1.07 and −0.76 ± 1.63 for the Vistech VCTS and Optopad tests, respectively (p < 0.001). The ranges of agreement between tests were 0.55, 0.76, 0.78, and 0.69 log units for the spatial frequencies of 1.5, 3, 6, and 12 cpd, respectively. The mean chromatic ICS values were −20.56 ± 0.96 and −0.16 ± 0.99 for the CSF-T and CSF-D plates, respectively (p < 0.001). Furthermore, better achromatic, red–green, and blue–yellow CSF values were found in the youngest groups. The digital test allows the fast measurement of near-achromatic and chromatic CSF using a colorimetrically calibrated iPad, but the achromatic measures cannot be used interchangeably with those obtained with a conventional printed test.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12070108
- https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/12/7/108/pdf?version=1720522972
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 1
- References
- 37
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4400446145
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4400446145Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12070108Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
The Measurement of Contrast Sensitivity in Near Vision: The Use of a Digital System vs. a Conventional Printed TestWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2024-07-09Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Kevin J. Mena-Guevara, David P. Piñero, María José Luque Cobija, Dolores de Fez SáizList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12070108Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/12/7/108/pdf?version=1720522972Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/12/7/108/pdf?version=1720522972Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Contrast (vision), Sensitivity (control systems), Computer vision, Test (biology), Artificial intelligence, Computer science, Engineering, Geology, Electronic engineering, PaleontologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
1Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
37Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4400446145 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12070108 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12070108 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4400446145 |
| fwci | 0.70280056 |
| type | article |
| title | The Measurement of Contrast Sensitivity in Near Vision: The Use of a Digital System vs. a Conventional Printed Test |
| biblio.issue | 7 |
| biblio.volume | 12 |
| biblio.last_page | 108 |
| biblio.first_page | 108 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10427 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/28 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Neuroscience |
| topics[0].score | 0.9987999796867371 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2805 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Cognitive Neuroscience |
| topics[0].display_name | Visual perception and processing mechanisms |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T13869 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[1].score | 0.9932000041007996 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2731 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Ophthalmology |
| topics[1].display_name | Ocular and Laser Science Research |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11666 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Physics and Astronomy |
| topics[2].score | 0.9797000288963318 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3107 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics |
| topics[2].display_name | Color Science and Applications |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1400 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1515 |
| apc_paid.value | 1400 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1515 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C2776502983 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7149068117141724 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Contrast (vision) |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C21200559 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6198978424072266 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Sensitivity (control systems) |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C31972630 |
| concepts[2].level | 1 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5145125389099121 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Computer vision |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C2777267654 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.4928457736968994 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Test (biology) |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C154945302 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.49071061611175537 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[5].level | 0 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.4420723617076874 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[6].level | 0 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.19290760159492493 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C127313418 |
| concepts[7].level | 0 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.12368693947792053 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Geology |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C24326235 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.09131160378456116 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Electronic engineering |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C151730666 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Paleontology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7149068117141724 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Contrast (vision) |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6198978424072266 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Sensitivity (control systems) |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5145125389099121 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Computer vision |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/test |
| keywords[3].score | 0.4928457736968994 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Test (biology) |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence |
| keywords[4].score | 0.49071061611175537 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[5].score | 0.4420723617076874 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[6].score | 0.19290760159492493 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/geology |
| keywords[7].score | 0.12368693947792053 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Geology |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering |
| keywords[8].score | 0.09131160378456116 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Electronic engineering |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/technologies12070108 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2738348041 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2227-7080 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2227-7080 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Technologies |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/12/7/108/pdf?version=1720522972 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Technologies |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12070108 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:rua.ua.es:10045/144944 |
| locations[1].is_oa | True |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400416 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Alicante (Universidad de Alicante) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I130194489 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | University of Alicante |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I130194489 |
| locations[1].license | other-oa |
| locations[1].pdf_url | http://hdl.handle.net/10045/144944 |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
| locations[1].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | http://hdl.handle.net/10045/144944 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:cfbdcc043e334ade847598fecf5604ab |
| locations[2].is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | |
| locations[2].license | |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | article |
| locations[2].license_id | |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Technologies, Vol 12, Iss 7, p 108 (2024) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/cfbdcc043e334ade847598fecf5604ab |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5068334685 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2204-4154 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Kevin J. Mena-Guevara |
| authorships[0].countries | ES |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I130194489 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I130194489 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05t8bcz72 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I130194489 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | University of Alicante |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Kevin J. Mena-Guevara |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5101653300 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1546-4807 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | David P. Piñero |
| authorships[1].countries | ES |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Advanced Clinic Optometry Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Medimar International Hospital, 03016 Alicante, Spain |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I130194489 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I130194489 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05t8bcz72 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I130194489 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | University of Alicante |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | David P. Piñero |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Advanced Clinic Optometry Unit, Department of Ophthalmology, Medimar International Hospital, 03016 Alicante, Spain, Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5050657586 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5918-8429 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | María José Luque Cobija |
| authorships[2].countries | ES |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I16097986 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Optics, Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I16097986 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/043nxc105 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I16097986 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Universitat de València |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | María José Luque |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Optics, Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Valencia, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5035295004 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4404-8236 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Dolores de Fez Sáiz |
| authorships[3].countries | ES |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I130194489 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I130194489 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05t8bcz72 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I130194489 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | ES |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | University of Alicante |
| authorships[3].author_position | last |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Dolores de Fez |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Spain |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/12/7/108/pdf?version=1720522972 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | The Measurement of Contrast Sensitivity in Near Vision: The Use of a Digital System vs. a Conventional Printed Test |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10427 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/28 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Neuroscience |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9987999796867371 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2805 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Cognitive Neuroscience |
| primary_topic.display_name | Visual perception and processing mechanisms |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2058170566, https://openalex.org/W2755342338, https://openalex.org/W2772917594, https://openalex.org/W2775347418, https://openalex.org/W2166024367, https://openalex.org/W3116076068, https://openalex.org/W2229312674, https://openalex.org/W2951359407, https://openalex.org/W2079911747, https://openalex.org/W1969923398 |
| cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 3 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/technologies12070108 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2738348041 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2227-7080 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2227-7080 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Technologies |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/12/7/108/pdf?version=1720522972 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Technologies |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12070108 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/technologies12070108 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2738348041 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2227-7080 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2227-7080 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Technologies |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7080/12/7/108/pdf?version=1720522972 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Technologies |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies12070108 |
| publication_date | 2024-07-09 |
| publication_year | 2024 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W6801032978, https://openalex.org/W3119961545, https://openalex.org/W2967399835, https://openalex.org/W3216693044, https://openalex.org/W2417546774, https://openalex.org/W4388516571, https://openalex.org/W2751007331, https://openalex.org/W2895684418, https://openalex.org/W3181058123, https://openalex.org/W2153971222, https://openalex.org/W2922753236, https://openalex.org/W2895485384, https://openalex.org/W2150221839, https://openalex.org/W1492970238, https://openalex.org/W2007906292, https://openalex.org/W4391640998, https://openalex.org/W4389453169, https://openalex.org/W2093298119, https://openalex.org/W4313230454, https://openalex.org/W3196920596, https://openalex.org/W3019981565, https://openalex.org/W2738868701, https://openalex.org/W2072528763, https://openalex.org/W2078073969, https://openalex.org/W2074041827, https://openalex.org/W2606859274, https://openalex.org/W1978111888, https://openalex.org/W2193900086, https://openalex.org/W2015795623, https://openalex.org/W2067332828, https://openalex.org/W3094988449, https://openalex.org/W4285731654, https://openalex.org/W2962540066, https://openalex.org/W4319599303, https://openalex.org/W2036463307, https://openalex.org/W4399764529, https://openalex.org/W3197912708 |
| referenced_works_count | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.= | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 79, 206, 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(p | 97, 127, 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.12 | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3, | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.51 | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.6, | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 19, 68, 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 34, 41, 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 8, 15, 107, 132, 148, 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.± | 113, 117, 163, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.All | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CSF | 75, 185, 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ICS | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.IL, | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 24, 103, 130, 156, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 59, 100, 115, 123, 140, 152, 165, 172, 183, 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.but | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 12, 21, 90, 119, 144, 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.log | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.our | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 47, 60, 91, 120, 145, 170, 190, 197, 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 44, 76, 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.< | 128, 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(age | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.02 | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.69 | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.96 | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.99 | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.07 | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.5, | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1.63 | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Co., | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.USA) | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.VCTS | 50, 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cpd, | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fast | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mean | 104, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.must | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.near | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.only | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.test | 51, 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.use. | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 69, 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 87, 136, 161, 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 46, 78, 218, 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(CSF) | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(ICS) | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.012 | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.55, | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.76, | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.78, | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CSF-D | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CSF-T | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Inc., | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.found | 89, 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.group | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.iPad, | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.index | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.test. | 81, 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tests | 11, 17, 86, 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.there | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.those | 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.units | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.allows | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.better | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cannot | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.iPad). | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ranges | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recent | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tests, | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.values | 160, 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vision | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.years) | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.years, | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(Stereo | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.0.001). | 129, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.19–72 | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Optical | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Optopad | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Vistech | 49, 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 85, 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.current | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.digital | 9, 80, 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.groups. | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.healthy | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intense | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plates, | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.printed | 48, 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spatial | 94, 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vision. | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.−0.16 | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.−0.76 | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Chicago, | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clinical | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contrast | 37, 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enrolled | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.function | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measured | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measures | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.obtained | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.youngest | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.−20.56 | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Likewise, | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.agreement | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.chromatic | 74, 158, 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evaluated | 77, 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.validated | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.<0.001, | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(developed | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achromatic | 36, 105, 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.calibrated | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.diagnostic | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Optopad-CSF | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achromatic, | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.development | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.differences | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.frequencies | 95, 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.individuals | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.measurement | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sensitivity | 38, 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significant | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Furthermore, | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conventional | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.red–green, | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respectively | 126, 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Statistically | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.blue–yellow | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respectively. | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respectively). | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interchangeably | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.near-achromatic | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.colorimetrically | 207 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 95 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 91 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5101653300 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 4 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I130194489 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.61596655 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |