The role of concrete in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of US buildings and pavements Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2021
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021936118
Significance Changes to concrete production as well as in building and pavements systems—the largest consumers of concrete—can lead to more than 50% reductions in associated GHG emissions by 2050. Over this period, the operational phase of newly constructed buildings and pavements still generates most GHG emissions unless the electrical grid, heating, and transportation are decarbonized aggressively. Meeting decarbonization targets will require lowering the GHG emissions of concrete production as well as innovative uses to lower building and vehicle fuel consumption. Owing to their low abatement costs, several concrete solutions should be prioritized in climate change policies. More than one-third of the embodied impacts of building and pavement construction can be offset by implementing concrete solutions.
Related Topics
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021936118
- https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2021936118
- OA Status
- bronze
- Cited By
- 34
- References
- 35
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W3196663049
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W3196663049Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021936118Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
The role of concrete in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of US buildings and pavementsWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2021Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2021-09-07Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Jeremy Gregory, Hessam AzariJafari, Ehsan Vahidi, Fengdi Guo, Franz‐Josef Ulm, Randolph KirchainList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021936118Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2021936118Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
bronzeOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2021936118Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Greenhouse gas, Environmental science, Climate change, Production (economics), Geology, Economics, Oceanography, MacroeconomicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
34Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 8, 2024: 6, 2023: 9, 2022: 9, 2021: 2Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
35Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W3196663049 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021936118 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021936118 |
| ids.mag | 3196663049 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34493648 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W3196663049 |
| fwci | 3.54849326 |
| type | article |
| title | The role of concrete in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of US buildings and pavements |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G4624165833 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320310445 |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | MITCSHub |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | Ready Mixed Concrete Research and Education Foundation |
| biblio.issue | 37 |
| biblio.volume | 118 |
| biblio.last_page | |
| biblio.first_page | |
| grants[0].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320310445 |
| grants[0].award_id | MITCSHub |
| grants[0].funder_display_name | Ready Mixed Concrete Research and Education Foundation |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10033 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.9936000108718872 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2205 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Civil and Structural Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Concrete and Cement Materials Research |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10435 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[1].score | 0.9929999709129333 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2305 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Environmental Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Environmental Impact and Sustainability |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11847 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9926999807357788 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2215 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Building and Construction |
| topics[2].display_name | Recycled Aggregate Concrete Performance |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320310445 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/05ae3xr78 |
| funders[0].display_name | Ready Mixed Concrete Research and Education Foundation |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C47737302 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.8299300670623779 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Greenhouse gas |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C39432304 |
| concepts[1].level | 0 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6474034190177917 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Environmental science |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C132651083 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.44762441515922546 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7942 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Climate change |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C2778348673 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.42148810625076294 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q739302 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Production (economics) |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C127313418 |
| concepts[4].level | 0 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.05993753671646118 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Geology |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C162324750 |
| concepts[5].level | 0 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Economics |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C111368507 |
| concepts[6].level | 1 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Oceanography |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C139719470 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Macroeconomics |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas |
| keywords[0].score | 0.8299300670623779 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Greenhouse gas |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6474034190177917 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Environmental science |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/climate-change |
| keywords[2].score | 0.44762441515922546 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Climate change |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/production |
| keywords[3].score | 0.42148810625076294 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Production (economics) |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/geology |
| keywords[4].score | 0.05993753671646118 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Geology |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1073/pnas.2021936118 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S125754415 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 0027-8424 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320052 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | National Academy of Sciences |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320052 |
| locations[0].license | |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2021936118 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021936118 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:34493648 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34493648 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:8449374 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].license | |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | Text |
| locations[2].license_id | |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/8449374 |
| indexed_in | crossref, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5034125581 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5546-9717 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Jeremy Gregory |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/042nb2s44 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Jeremy Gregory |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5026626199 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9855-1606 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Hessam AzariJafari |
| authorships[1].countries | US |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/042nb2s44 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Hessam AzariJafari |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5032480707 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7674-4028 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Ehsan Vahidi |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/042nb2s44 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Ehsan Vahidi |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5073436154 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7895-4769 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Fengdi Guo |
| authorships[3].countries | US |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/042nb2s44 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Fengdi Guo |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5009860121 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7089-8069 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Franz‐Josef Ulm |
| authorships[4].countries | US |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/042nb2s44 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Franz-Josef Ulm |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139; |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5020436823 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4019-8598 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Randolph Kirchain |
| authorships[5].countries | US |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/042nb2s44 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | Massachusetts Institute of Technology |
| authorships[5].author_position | last |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Randolph Kirchain |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Materials Research Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2021936118 |
| open_access.oa_status | bronze |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | The role of concrete in life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of US buildings and pavements |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10033 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9936000108718872 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2205 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Civil and Structural Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Concrete and Cement Materials Research |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2474431918, https://openalex.org/W2078072966, https://openalex.org/W4383503214, https://openalex.org/W2898107337, https://openalex.org/W2954886250, https://openalex.org/W4200539072, https://openalex.org/W2389199865, https://openalex.org/W2125751271, https://openalex.org/W38287360, https://openalex.org/W2270950620 |
| cited_by_count | 34 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 8 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 6 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 9 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 9 |
| counts_by_year[4].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[4].cited_by_count | 2 |
| locations_count | 3 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1073/pnas.2021936118 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S125754415 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 0027-8424 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320052 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | National Academy of Sciences |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320052 |
| best_oa_location.license | |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2021936118 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021936118 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1073/pnas.2021936118 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S125754415 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 0027-8424, 1091-6490 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 0027-8424 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320052 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | National Academy of Sciences |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320052 |
| primary_location.license | |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2021936118 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021936118 |
| publication_date | 2021-09-07 |
| publication_year | 2021 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2933019452, https://openalex.org/W2102336703, https://openalex.org/W2729020886, https://openalex.org/W2733583450, https://openalex.org/W2809828967, https://openalex.org/W2756345397, https://openalex.org/W1996256226, https://openalex.org/W2476879142, https://openalex.org/W2995123280, https://openalex.org/W2051085503, https://openalex.org/W2146150995, https://openalex.org/W1550825292, https://openalex.org/W2060686589, https://openalex.org/W2942713442, https://openalex.org/W2908087825, https://openalex.org/W3095190713, https://openalex.org/W2791969461, https://openalex.org/W3134365942, https://openalex.org/W3130198713, https://openalex.org/W2760419793, https://openalex.org/W1854512984, https://openalex.org/W2731541337, https://openalex.org/W2633417758, https://openalex.org/W2163121678, https://openalex.org/W2034764191, https://openalex.org/W2064880276, https://openalex.org/W2013009374, https://openalex.org/W2085385413, https://openalex.org/W3010030725, https://openalex.org/W2521611614, https://openalex.org/W1996956810, https://openalex.org/W3118244346, https://openalex.org/W2614905224, https://openalex.org/W2944667424, https://openalex.org/W2973751162 |
| referenced_works_count | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 5, 7, 68, 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 90, 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 27, 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 8, 23, 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 15, 35, 65, 99, 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 2, 18, 73, 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.50% | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.GHG | 25, 44, 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 10, 39, 51, 76, 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 32, 47, 62, 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.More | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Over | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fuel | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lead | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.most | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 20, 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uses | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well | 6, 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.will | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.2050. | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Owing | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.grid, | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lower | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.newly | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phase | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.still | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.change | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.costs, | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.offset | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.should | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unless | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Changes | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Meeting | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.climate | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impacts | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.largest | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.period, | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.require | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.several | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.targets | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vehicle | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.building | 9, 75, 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concrete | 3, 66, 87, 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.embodied | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.heating, | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lowering | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pavement | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.abatement | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.buildings | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consumers | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emissions | 26, 45, 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generates | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.one-third | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pavements | 11, 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.policies. | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solutions | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.associated | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electrical | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.innovative | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.production | 4, 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reductions | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solutions. | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.constructed | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.operational | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prioritized | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Significance | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.construction | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.consumption. | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decarbonized | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implementing | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aggressively. | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.systems—the | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concrete—can | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transportation | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decarbonization | 57 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 93 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5026626199, https://openalex.org/A5034125581 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 6 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I63966007 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/12 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.5299999713897705 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Responsible consumption and production |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.92583852 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |