The State of the Art in Root System Architecture Image Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence: A Review Article Swipe
Brandon J. Weihs
,
D. Jo Heuschele
,
Zhou Tang
,
Larry M. York
,
Zhiwu Zhang
,
Zhanyou Xu
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.34133/plantphenomics.0178
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.34133/plantphenomics.0178
Roots are essential for acquiring water and nutrients to sustain and support plant growth and anchorage. However, they have been studied less than the aboveground traits in phenotyping and plant breeding until recent decades. In modern times, root properties such as morphology and root system architecture (RSA) have been recognized as increasingly important traits for creating more and higher quality food in the "Second Green Revolution". To address the paucity in RSA and other root research, new technologies are being investigated to fill the increasing demand to improve plants via root traits and overcome currently stagnated genetic progress in stable yields. Artificial intelligence (AI) is now a cutting-edge technology proving to be highly successful in many applications, such as crop science and genetic research to improve crop traits. A burgeoning field in crop science is the application of AI to high-resolution imagery in analyses that aim to answer questions related to crops and to better and more speedily breed desired plant traits such as RSA into new cultivars. This review is a synopsis concerning the origins, applications, challenges, and future directions of RSA research regarding image analyses using AI.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- review
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.34133/plantphenomics.0178
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 25
- References
- 114
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4393951598
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4393951598Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.34133/plantphenomics.0178Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
The State of the Art in Root System Architecture Image Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence: A ReviewWork title
- Type
-
reviewOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2024-01-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Brandon J. Weihs, D. Jo Heuschele, Zhou Tang, Larry M. York, Zhiwu Zhang, Zhanyou XuList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.34133/plantphenomics.0178Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.34133/plantphenomics.0178Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Root (linguistics), Green Revolution, Crop, Agricultural engineering, Biotechnology, Biology, Computer science, Agronomy, Engineering, Ecology, Agriculture, Philosophy, LinguisticsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
25Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 19, 2024: 6Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
114Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4393951598 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.34133/plantphenomics.0178 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.34133/plantphenomics.0178 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38711621 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4393951598 |
| fwci | 19.55122692 |
| type | review |
| title | The State of the Art in Root System Architecture Image Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence: A Review |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G4310258754 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320310910 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | DE-AC05-00OR22725 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | Savannah River Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 6 |
| biblio.last_page | 0178 |
| biblio.first_page | 0178 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11247 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Agricultural and Biological Sciences |
| topics[0].score | 0.9973999857902527 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1110 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Plant Science |
| topics[0].display_name | Plant nutrient uptake and metabolism |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10616 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Agricultural and Biological Sciences |
| topics[1].score | 0.9778000116348267 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1110 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Plant Science |
| topics[1].display_name | Smart Agriculture and AI |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T12045 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Agricultural and Biological Sciences |
| topics[2].score | 0.9757999777793884 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1110 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Plant Science |
| topics[2].display_name | Rice Cultivation and Yield Improvement |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320310910 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/05hhm9a98 |
| funders[0].display_name | Savannah River Operations Office, U.S. Department of Energy |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2500 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2500 |
| apc_paid.value | 2500 |
| apc_paid.currency | USD |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2500 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C171078966 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.75030517578125 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q111029 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Root (linguistics) |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C112939947 |
| concepts[1].level | 3 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.5059143900871277 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186050 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Green Revolution |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C137580998 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5035759806632996 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q235352 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Crop |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C88463610 |
| concepts[3].level | 1 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.434675008058548 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194118 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Agricultural engineering |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C150903083 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.43358561396598816 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7108 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Biotechnology |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[5].level | 0 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.4009697139263153 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Biology |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[6].level | 0 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.34755486249923706 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C6557445 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.33693909645080566 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173113 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Agronomy |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[8].level | 0 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.19677841663360596 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C18903297 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.17817795276641846 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Ecology |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C118518473 |
| concepts[10].level | 2 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.14123710989952087 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11451 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Agriculture |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C138885662 |
| concepts[11].level | 0 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Philosophy |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C41895202 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Linguistics |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/root |
| keywords[0].score | 0.75030517578125 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Root (linguistics) |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/green-revolution |
| keywords[1].score | 0.5059143900871277 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Green Revolution |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/crop |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5035759806632996 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Crop |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/agricultural-engineering |
| keywords[3].score | 0.434675008058548 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Agricultural engineering |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/biotechnology |
| keywords[4].score | 0.43358561396598816 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Biotechnology |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/biology |
| keywords[5].score | 0.4009697139263153 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Biology |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[6].score | 0.34755486249923706 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/agronomy |
| keywords[7].score | 0.33693909645080566 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Agronomy |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[8].score | 0.19677841663360596 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology |
| keywords[9].score | 0.17817795276641846 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Ecology |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/agriculture |
| keywords[10].score | 0.14123710989952087 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Agriculture |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.34133/plantphenomics.0178 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210217755 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2097-0374, 2643-6515 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2097-0374 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Plant Phenomics |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310315823 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | American Association for the Advancement of Science |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310315823 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | American Association for the Advancement of Science |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Plant Phenomics |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.34133/plantphenomics.0178 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:38711621 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Plant phenomics (Washington, D.C.) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38711621 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:80f6b0b91909447986f65e2d10fee006 |
| locations[2].is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[2].license | |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | article |
| locations[2].license_id | |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Plant Phenomics, Vol 6 (2024) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/80f6b0b91909447986f65e2d10fee006 |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:osti.gov:2371104 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306402487 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I139351228 |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | Office of Scientific and Technical Information |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I139351228 |
| locations[3].license | |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | |
| locations[3].license_id | |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://www.osti.gov/biblio/2371104 |
| locations[4].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11070851 |
| locations[4].is_oa | True |
| locations[4].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[4].source.issn | |
| locations[4].source.type | repository |
| locations[4].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[4].source.issn_l | |
| locations[4].source.is_core | False |
| locations[4].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[4].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[4].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[4].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[4].license | cc-by |
| locations[4].pdf_url | |
| locations[4].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[4].raw_type | Text |
| locations[4].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[4].is_accepted | False |
| locations[4].is_published | False |
| locations[4].raw_source_name | Plant Phenomics |
| locations[4].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11070851 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5091913652 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0009-0008-2518-7541 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Brandon J. Weihs |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I130238516 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA. |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1312222531 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | USDA-ARS |
| authorships[0].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1312222531, https://openalex.org/I1336096307 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service–Plant Science Research, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1312222531 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02d2m2044 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | government |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1312222531, https://openalex.org/I1336096307 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Agricultural Research Service |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I1336096307 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01na82s61 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | government |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1336096307 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | United States Department of Agriculture |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I130238516 |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/017zqws13 |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I130238516 |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[2].display_name | University of Minnesota |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Brandon J. Weihs |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA., USDA-ARS, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service–Plant Science Research, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5087141761 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8157-8458 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | D. Jo Heuschele |
| authorships[1].countries | US |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1312222531 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | USDA-ARS |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1312222531, https://openalex.org/I1336096307 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service–Plant Science Research, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. |
| authorships[1].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I130238516 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA. |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1312222531 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02d2m2044 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | government |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1312222531, https://openalex.org/I1336096307 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Agricultural Research Service |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I1336096307 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01na82s61 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | government |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1336096307 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | United States Department of Agriculture |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].id | https://openalex.org/I130238516 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].ror | https://ror.org/017zqws13 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].lineage | https://openalex.org/I130238516 |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[2].display_name | University of Minnesota |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Deborah-Jo Heuschele |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Agronomy and Plant Genetics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA., USDA-ARS, United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service–Plant Science Research, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5114225946 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Zhou Tang |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I72951846 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I72951846 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05dk0ce17 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I72951846 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Washington State University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Zhou Tang |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5064739607 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1995-9479 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Larry M. York |
| authorships[3].countries | US |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1289243028 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA. |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1289243028 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01qz5mb56 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | facility |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1289243028, https://openalex.org/I1330989302, https://openalex.org/I39565521, https://openalex.org/I4210159294 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Oak Ridge National Laboratory |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Larry M. York |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Biosciences Division and Center for Bioenergy Innovation, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830, USA. |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5065237213 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5784-9684 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Zhiwu Zhang |
| authorships[4].countries | US |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I72951846 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I72951846 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/05dk0ce17 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I72951846 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Washington State University |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Zhiwu Zhang |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA. |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5081682012 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7633-036X |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Zhanyou Xu |
| authorships[5].countries | US |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1312222531, https://openalex.org/I1336096307 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service–Plant Science Research, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1312222531 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02d2m2044 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | government |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1312222531, https://openalex.org/I1336096307 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | Agricultural Research Service |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I1336096307 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/01na82s61 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].type | government |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1336096307 |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].country_code | US |
| authorships[5].institutions[1].display_name | United States Department of Agriculture |
| authorships[5].author_position | last |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Zhanyou Xu |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | United States Department of Agriculture–Agricultural Research Service–Plant Science Research, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA. |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.34133/plantphenomics.0178 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | The State of the Art in Root System Architecture Image Analysis Using Artificial Intelligence: A Review |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11247 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Agricultural and Biological Sciences |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9973999857902527 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1110 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Plant Science |
| primary_topic.display_name | Plant nutrient uptake and metabolism |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2758639162, https://openalex.org/W4226100013, https://openalex.org/W2784224461, https://openalex.org/W2353929985, https://openalex.org/W4392939580, https://openalex.org/W2259327778, https://openalex.org/W2425093795, https://openalex.org/W1528184805, https://openalex.org/W1570672307, https://openalex.org/W2364621864 |
| cited_by_count | 25 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 19 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 6 |
| locations_count | 5 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.34133/plantphenomics.0178 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210217755 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2097-0374, 2643-6515 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2097-0374 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Plant Phenomics |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310315823 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | American Association for the Advancement of Science |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310315823 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | American Association for the Advancement of Science |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Plant Phenomics |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.34133/plantphenomics.0178 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.34133/plantphenomics.0178 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210217755 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2097-0374, 2643-6515 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2097-0374 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Plant Phenomics |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310315823 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | American Association for the Advancement of Science |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310315823 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | American Association for the Advancement of Science |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Plant Phenomics |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.34133/plantphenomics.0178 |
| publication_date | 2024-01-01 |
| publication_year | 2024 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2784224461, https://openalex.org/W1912973666, https://openalex.org/W155575642, https://openalex.org/W2303144376, https://openalex.org/W2129100664, https://openalex.org/W4205925621, https://openalex.org/W2125340135, https://openalex.org/W2487053488, https://openalex.org/W1845753398, https://openalex.org/W2042257794, https://openalex.org/W2888571320, https://openalex.org/W4200247654, https://openalex.org/W3120440901, https://openalex.org/W3003433397, https://openalex.org/W4225564708, https://openalex.org/W3083104019, https://openalex.org/W2139893028, https://openalex.org/W2152797880, https://openalex.org/W2038329802, https://openalex.org/W3126867407, https://openalex.org/W2129787196, https://openalex.org/W2342700912, https://openalex.org/W4220711008, https://openalex.org/W2991004497, https://openalex.org/W2012164949, https://openalex.org/W4311235033, https://openalex.org/W2118450180, https://openalex.org/W2056929225, https://openalex.org/W2735852511, https://openalex.org/W4311033490, https://openalex.org/W3120686342, https://openalex.org/W4376106100, https://openalex.org/W3189312206, https://openalex.org/W4316041449, https://openalex.org/W3049769860, https://openalex.org/W3039929539, https://openalex.org/W2185489349, https://openalex.org/W2883418202, https://openalex.org/W4285800514, https://openalex.org/W3200906819, https://openalex.org/W3006391450, https://openalex.org/W2919115771, https://openalex.org/W2147800946, https://openalex.org/W2763198744, https://openalex.org/W3153990350, https://openalex.org/W2991004173, https://openalex.org/W3154929505, https://openalex.org/W2112796928, https://openalex.org/W2163605009, https://openalex.org/W4320525814, https://openalex.org/W6674330103, https://openalex.org/W4229598369, https://openalex.org/W1903029394, https://openalex.org/W1901129140, https://openalex.org/W2560482685, https://openalex.org/W2964309882, https://openalex.org/W3109301572, https://openalex.org/W2570343428, https://openalex.org/W2993182889, https://openalex.org/W2905847490, https://openalex.org/W2115733720, https://openalex.org/W3007017931, https://openalex.org/W4221159226, https://openalex.org/W4388407526, https://openalex.org/W4385456961, https://openalex.org/W2892269335, https://openalex.org/W2566079294, https://openalex.org/W4301396063, https://openalex.org/W2963459241, https://openalex.org/W2963108767, https://openalex.org/W4295270931, https://openalex.org/W4322621694, https://openalex.org/W4287252712, https://openalex.org/W3156669901, https://openalex.org/W2962700793, https://openalex.org/W4297814571, https://openalex.org/W2463740373, https://openalex.org/W3018634805, https://openalex.org/W4392669696, https://openalex.org/W2125557175, https://openalex.org/W2952533583, https://openalex.org/W2988952749, https://openalex.org/W3037208247, https://openalex.org/W3092842943, https://openalex.org/W3195223586, https://openalex.org/W3209071433, https://openalex.org/W4220673642, https://openalex.org/W4281758931, https://openalex.org/W3013766724, https://openalex.org/W2946232239, https://openalex.org/W4317566634, https://openalex.org/W2752728932, https://openalex.org/W4306769399, https://openalex.org/W4283450695, https://openalex.org/W4381855656, https://openalex.org/W2005235404, https://openalex.org/W2057890665, https://openalex.org/W1895529909, https://openalex.org/W2294035803, https://openalex.org/W2790979755, https://openalex.org/W1525868404, https://openalex.org/W2335125170, https://openalex.org/W2953048636, https://openalex.org/W2743464688, https://openalex.org/W2168925537, https://openalex.org/W2161186887, https://openalex.org/W2395611524, https://openalex.org/W2353457699, https://openalex.org/W1985558929, https://openalex.org/W2095705004, https://openalex.org/W4207067597, https://openalex.org/W3098019734, https://openalex.org/W3099295554, https://openalex.org/W3155739706 |
| referenced_works_count | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 106, 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.AI | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.To | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 40, 50, 118, 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 26, 61, 70, 98, 114, 131, 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 104, 134, 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 137, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 8, 81, 86, 110, 124, 139, 146, 150, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.AI. | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.RSA | 71, 164, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aim | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 6, 10, 14, 28, 42, 57, 72, 92, 121, 152, 155, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 1, 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 3, 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.new | 76, 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.now | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 23, 62, 68, 83, 135, 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.via | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(AI) | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 19, 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.crop | 119, 126, 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fill | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.food | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 18, 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.less | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.many | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 56, 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.root | 37, 43, 74, 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.such | 39, 117, 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.than | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.they | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(RSA) | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Green | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Roots | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.being | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.breed | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.crops | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.field | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.image | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plant | 12, 29, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.until | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.water | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.answer | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.better | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demand | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.future | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.growth | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highly | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modern | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plants | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recent | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.review | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stable | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.times, | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.traits | 25, 53, 91, 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index."Second | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.address | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.desired | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.genetic | 96, 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.imagery | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.improve | 87, 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paucity | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proving | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quality | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.related | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.science | 120, 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studied | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.support | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sustain | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.traits. | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.yields. | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyses | 143, 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.breeding | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.creating | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.decades. | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.origins, | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.overcome | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.progress | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research | 123, 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.speedily | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.synopsis | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.acquiring | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.currently | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.essential | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.important | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.nutrients | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.questions | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regarding | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research, | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stagnated | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Artificial | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.anchorage. | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.burgeoning | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concerning | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cultivars. | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.directions | 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increasing | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.morphology | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.properties | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.recognized | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.successful | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technology | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aboveground | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.application | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.challenges, | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phenotyping | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Revolution". | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.architecture | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cutting-edge | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.increasingly | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intelligence | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigated | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technologies | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applications, | 116, 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high-resolution | 140 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 100 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 98 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 6 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.6100000143051147 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Sustainable cities and communities |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.99459859 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | True |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |