Abstract Due to environmental degradation and external intrusions, trees may develop various defects that diminish their stability and survival rates, leading to significant losses. Ground penetrating radar (GPR), characterized by its rapid and non-destructive advantages, has been regarded as a potentially effective method for assessing tree health conditions. However, existing GPR-based tree imaging techniques are predominantly two-dimensional (2D), making it difficult to diagnose three-dimensional (3D) structura…