TOSCA – an open-source, finite-volume, large-eddy simulation (LES) environment for wind farm flows Article Swipe
Sebastiano Stipa
,
Arjun Ajay
,
Dries Allaerts
,
Joshua Brinkerhoff
·
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-297-2024
YOU?
·
· 2024
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-297-2024
The growing number and growing size of wind energy projects coupled with the rapid growth in high-performance computing technology are driving researchers toward conducting large-scale simulations of the flow field surrounding entire wind farms. This requires highly parallel-efficient tools, given the large number of degrees of freedom involved in such simulations, and yields valuable insights into farm-scale physical phenomena, such as gravity wave interaction with the wind farm and farm–farm wake interactions. In the current study, we introduce the open-source, finite-volume, large-eddy simulation (LES) code TOSCA (Toolbox fOr Stratified Convective Atmospheres) and demonstrate its capabilities by simulating the flow around a finite-size wind farm immersed in a shallow, conventionally neutral boundary layer (CNBL), ultimately assessing gravity-wave-induced blockage effects. Turbulent inflow conditions are generated using a new hybrid off-line–concurrent-precursor method. Velocity is forced with a novel pressure controller that allows us to prescribe a desired average hub-height wind speed while avoiding inertial oscillations above the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) caused by the Coriolis force, a known problem in wind farm LES studies. Moreover, to eliminate the dependency of the potential-temperature profile evolution on the code architecture observed in previous studies, we introduce a method that allows us to maintain the mean potential-temperature profile constant throughout the precursor simulation. Furthermore, we highlight that different codes do not predict the same velocity inside the boundary layer under geostrophic forcing owing to their intrinsically different numerical dissipation. The proposed methodology allows us to reduce such spread by ensuring that inflow conditions produced from different codes feature the same hub wind and thermal stratification, regardless of the adopted precursor run time. Finally, validation of actuator line and disk models, CNBL evolution, and velocity profiles inside a periodic wind farm is also presented to assess TOSCA’s ability to model large-scale wind farm flows accurately and with high parallel efficiency.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-297-2024
- https://wes.copernicus.org/articles/9/297/2024/wes-9-297-2024.pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 13
- References
- 78
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4391556713
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4391556713Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-297-2024Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
TOSCA – an open-source, finite-volume, large-eddy simulation (LES) environment for wind farm flowsWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2024Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2024-02-05Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Sebastiano Stipa, Arjun Ajay, Dries Allaerts, Joshua BrinkerhoffList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-297-2024Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://wes.copernicus.org/articles/9/297/2024/wes-9-297-2024.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://wes.copernicus.org/articles/9/297/2024/wes-9-297-2024.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Large eddy simulation, Inflow, Planetary boundary layer, Wind speed, Mechanics, Turbulence, Environmental science, Meteorology, Finite volume method, Computer science, PhysicsTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
13Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 7, 2024: 6Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
78Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4391556713 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-297-2024 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-297-2024 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4391556713 |
| fwci | 17.14837983 |
| type | article |
| title | TOSCA – an open-source, finite-volume, large-eddy simulation (LES) environment for wind farm flows |
| awards[0].id | https://openalex.org/G8939899630 |
| awards[0].funder_id | https://openalex.org/F4320334593 |
| awards[0].display_name | |
| awards[0].funder_award_id | 556326 |
| awards[0].funder_display_name | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada |
| biblio.issue | 2 |
| biblio.volume | 9 |
| biblio.last_page | 320 |
| biblio.first_page | 297 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10680 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.9998000264167786 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2202 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Aerospace Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Wind Energy Research and Development |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11254 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.9990000128746033 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2206 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Computational Mechanics |
| topics[1].display_name | Fluid Dynamics and Vibration Analysis |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11371 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[2].score | 0.9986000061035156 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2305 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Environmental Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Wind and Air Flow Studies |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320334593 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/01h531d29 |
| funders[0].display_name | Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1050 |
| apc_list.currency | EUR |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1132 |
| apc_paid.value | 1050 |
| apc_paid.currency | EUR |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1132 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C121448008 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.5570142865180969 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1755722 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Large eddy simulation |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C2776132308 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.5473608374595642 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11070850 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Inflow |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C86338904 |
| concepts[2].level | 3 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5449378490447998 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757268 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Planetary boundary layer |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C161067210 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.48186787962913513 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1464943 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Wind speed |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C57879066 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.45935702323913574 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Mechanics |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C196558001 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.45436835289001465 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Turbulence |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C39432304 |
| concepts[6].level | 0 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.44129300117492676 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Environmental science |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C153294291 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.43134766817092896 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25261 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Meteorology |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C50478463 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.4269990921020508 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1401936 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Finite volume method |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[9].level | 0 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.3621118664741516 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[10].level | 0 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.26761239767074585 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/large-eddy-simulation |
| keywords[0].score | 0.5570142865180969 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Large eddy simulation |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/inflow |
| keywords[1].score | 0.5473608374595642 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Inflow |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/planetary-boundary-layer |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5449378490447998 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Planetary boundary layer |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/wind-speed |
| keywords[3].score | 0.48186787962913513 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Wind speed |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanics |
| keywords[4].score | 0.45935702323913574 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Mechanics |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/turbulence |
| keywords[5].score | 0.45436835289001465 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Turbulence |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science |
| keywords[6].score | 0.44129300117492676 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Environmental science |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/meteorology |
| keywords[7].score | 0.43134766817092896 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Meteorology |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/finite-volume-method |
| keywords[8].score | 0.4269990921020508 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Finite volume method |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[9].score | 0.3621118664741516 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[10].score | 0.26761239767074585 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Physics |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.5194/wes-9-297-2024 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210189655 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2366-7443, 2366-7451 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2366-7443 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Wind energy science |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310313756 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Copernicus Publications |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310313756 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Copernicus Publications |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://wes.copernicus.org/articles/9/297/2024/wes-9-297-2024.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Wind Energy Science |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-297-2024 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:7824048f98004926b737569bb5f43d95 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Wind Energy Science, Vol 9, Pp 297-320 (2024) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/7824048f98004926b737569bb5f43d95 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:tudelft.nl:uuid:fbf7b930-a863-456a-88e6-f157d09aa141 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306400906 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | Research Repository (Delft University of Technology) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I98358874 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | Delft University of Technology |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I98358874 |
| locations[2].license | cc-by |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | journal article |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | http://resolver.tudelft.nl/uuid:fbf7b930-a863-456a-88e6-f157d09aa141 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5039817195 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2540-3098 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Sebastiano Stipa |
| authorships[0].countries | CA |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I141945490, https://openalex.org/I822440 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Engineering, University of British Columbia–Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I822440 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02mxmh518 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I822440 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | CA |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Okanagan University College |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I141945490 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/03rmrcq20 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I141945490, https://openalex.org/I4210128534, https://openalex.org/I4210135497, https://openalex.org/I4387154919 |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].country_code | CA |
| authorships[0].institutions[1].display_name | University of British Columbia |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Sebastiano Stipa |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Engineering, University of British Columbia–Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5113023337 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Arjun Ajay |
| authorships[1].countries | CA |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I141945490, https://openalex.org/I822440 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Engineering, University of British Columbia–Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I822440 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02mxmh518 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I822440 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | CA |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Okanagan University College |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I141945490 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/03rmrcq20 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I141945490, https://openalex.org/I4210128534, https://openalex.org/I4210135497, https://openalex.org/I4387154919 |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].country_code | CA |
| authorships[1].institutions[1].display_name | University of British Columbia |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Arjun Ajay |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Engineering, University of British Columbia–Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5037605541 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8758-3952 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Dries Allaerts |
| authorships[2].countries | NL |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I98358874 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Aerospace Engineering, TU Delft, Delft, the Netherlands |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I98358874 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02e2c7k09 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I98358874 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | NL |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Delft University of Technology |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Dries Allaerts |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Aerospace Engineering, TU Delft, Delft, the Netherlands |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5083348405 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4106-9293 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Joshua Brinkerhoff |
| authorships[3].countries | CA |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I141945490, https://openalex.org/I822440 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Engineering, University of British Columbia–Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I822440 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02mxmh518 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I822440 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | CA |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Okanagan University College |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].id | https://openalex.org/I141945490 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].ror | https://ror.org/03rmrcq20 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].lineage | https://openalex.org/I141945490, https://openalex.org/I4210128534, https://openalex.org/I4210135497, https://openalex.org/I4387154919 |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].country_code | CA |
| authorships[3].institutions[1].display_name | University of British Columbia |
| authorships[3].author_position | last |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Joshua Brinkerhoff |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Engineering, University of British Columbia–Okanagan, Kelowna, Canada |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://wes.copernicus.org/articles/9/297/2024/wes-9-297-2024.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | TOSCA – an open-source, finite-volume, large-eddy simulation (LES) environment for wind farm flows |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-25T14:43:58.451035 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10680 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9998000264167786 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2202 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Aerospace Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Wind Energy Research and Development |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W142238503, https://openalex.org/W3095032300, https://openalex.org/W2045242506, https://openalex.org/W2094226075, https://openalex.org/W2053845857, https://openalex.org/W2508771297, https://openalex.org/W2333276359, https://openalex.org/W2937988369, https://openalex.org/W2367119203, https://openalex.org/W2358937771 |
| cited_by_count | 13 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 7 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 6 |
| locations_count | 3 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.5194/wes-9-297-2024 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210189655 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2366-7443, 2366-7451 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2366-7443 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Wind energy science |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310313756 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Copernicus Publications |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310313756 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Copernicus Publications |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://wes.copernicus.org/articles/9/297/2024/wes-9-297-2024.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Wind Energy Science |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-297-2024 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.5194/wes-9-297-2024 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210189655 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2366-7443, 2366-7451 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2366-7443 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Wind energy science |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310313756 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Copernicus Publications |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310313756 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Copernicus Publications |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://wes.copernicus.org/articles/9/297/2024/wes-9-297-2024.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Wind Energy Science |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.5194/wes-9-297-2024 |
| publication_date | 2024-02-05 |
| publication_year | 2024 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2091430775, https://openalex.org/W3004373371, https://openalex.org/W2130523818, https://openalex.org/W1604513869, https://openalex.org/W2587622967, https://openalex.org/W2763985260, https://openalex.org/W2910806097, https://openalex.org/W3045459918, https://openalex.org/W4327846150, https://openalex.org/W113488387, https://openalex.org/W4362717258, https://openalex.org/W2071562292, https://openalex.org/W2808964071, https://openalex.org/W2122050766, https://openalex.org/W3042701148, https://openalex.org/W3088980447, https://openalex.org/W2594497792, https://openalex.org/W1972960566, https://openalex.org/W3136758486, https://openalex.org/W2026385333, https://openalex.org/W2006653321, https://openalex.org/W2804638074, https://openalex.org/W2568615734, https://openalex.org/W2492471947, https://openalex.org/W1525132831, https://openalex.org/W2100532085, https://openalex.org/W1825216778, https://openalex.org/W2171576824, https://openalex.org/W2074447412, https://openalex.org/W4237083225, https://openalex.org/W2908132752, https://openalex.org/W4385892662, https://openalex.org/W2050311721, https://openalex.org/W2066135066, https://openalex.org/W2006592649, https://openalex.org/W3122659771, https://openalex.org/W1533975523, https://openalex.org/W2171303908, https://openalex.org/W4312193932, https://openalex.org/W4281916809, https://openalex.org/W2098920641, https://openalex.org/W2062712788, https://openalex.org/W1964784760, https://openalex.org/W2901616874, https://openalex.org/W1973529899, https://openalex.org/W2034414230, https://openalex.org/W1882574652, https://openalex.org/W2022274480, https://openalex.org/W2333439337, https://openalex.org/W4302012755, https://openalex.org/W2179285023, https://openalex.org/W2278336330, https://openalex.org/W2520834133, https://openalex.org/W3088801679, https://openalex.org/W4281710940, https://openalex.org/W2095029195, https://openalex.org/W2009935695, https://openalex.org/W4281678934, https://openalex.org/W2965330815, https://openalex.org/W2176982696, https://openalex.org/W2140153041, https://openalex.org/W2966243630, https://openalex.org/W2133015257, https://openalex.org/W3170343834, https://openalex.org/W1609849215, https://openalex.org/W4310261194, https://openalex.org/W2078392008, https://openalex.org/W2003977652, https://openalex.org/W1980495275, https://openalex.org/W2753914287, https://openalex.org/W3126504730, https://openalex.org/W6925328997, https://openalex.org/W2746122869, https://openalex.org/W2009791689, https://openalex.org/W2052487661, https://openalex.org/W2779505942, https://openalex.org/W2763903125, https://openalex.org/W3168347726 |
| referenced_works_count | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 101, 107, 125, 134, 143, 164, 192, 281 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 96, 160, 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.do | 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 16, 49, 106, 167, 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 131, 285 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 7, 27, 44, 46, 177, 261, 269 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 141, 173, 197, 228, 239, 288, 292 |
| abstract_inverted_index.us | 140, 196, 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 77, 190, 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.LES | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 1, 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 4, 52, 69, 92, 257, 272, 277, 299 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 20, 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fOr | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hub | 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.its | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.new | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.run | 265 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 13, 28, 41, 66, 74, 79, 98, 154, 161, 175, 178, 183, 199, 205, 217, 221, 253, 262 |
| abstract_inverted_index.CNBL | 275 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 286 |
| abstract_inverted_index.code | 85, 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disk | 273 |
| abstract_inverted_index.farm | 68, 104, 169, 284, 296 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flow | 29, 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 249 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 301 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.line | 271 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mean | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.same | 218, 254 |
| abstract_inverted_index.size | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.such | 50, 60, 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 138, 194, 211, 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wake | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wave | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wind | 8, 33, 67, 103, 147, 168, 256, 283, 295 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 12, 65, 133, 300 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(ABL) | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(LES) | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.TOSCA | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.above | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.codes | 213, 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.field | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.flows | 297 |
| abstract_inverted_index.given | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.known | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.large | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.layer | 112, 157, 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.model | 293 |
| abstract_inverted_index.novel | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.owing | 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rapid | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.speed | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.time. | 266 |
| abstract_inverted_index.under | 224 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.allows | 139, 195, 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.around | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assess | 289 |
| abstract_inverted_index.caused | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.energy | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.entire | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.farms. | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.force, | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.forced | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.growth | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highly | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hybrid | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inflow | 120, 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inside | 220, 280 |
| abstract_inverted_index.method | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.number | 3, 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reduce | 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spread | 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study, | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tools, | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.toward | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.yields | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(CNBL), | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ability | 291 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adopted | 263 |
| abstract_inverted_index.average | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.coupled | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.current | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.degrees | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.desired | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.driving | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.feature | 252 |
| abstract_inverted_index.forcing | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.freedom | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gravity | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.growing | 2, 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.method. | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.models, | 274 |
| abstract_inverted_index.neutral | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.predict | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.problem | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.profile | 180, 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thermal | 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(Toolbox | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Coriolis | 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Finally, | 267 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Velocity | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.actuator | 270 |
| abstract_inverted_index.avoiding | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.blockage | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.boundary | 111, 156, 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.constant | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.effects. | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ensuring | 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.immersed | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inertial | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.insights | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.involved | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maintain | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.observed | 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.parallel | 302 |
| abstract_inverted_index.periodic | 282 |
| abstract_inverted_index.physical | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pressure | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.previous | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.produced | 248 |
| abstract_inverted_index.profiles | 279 |
| abstract_inverted_index.projects | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposed | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.requires | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shallow, | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies, | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies. | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.valuable | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.velocity | 219, 278 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Abstract. | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Moreover, | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.TOSCA’s | 290 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Turbulent | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assessing | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.computing | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 212, 231, 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.eliminate | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evolution | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generated | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highlight | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.introduce | 78, 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.numerical | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.precursor | 206, 264 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prescribe | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presented | 287 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Convective | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Stratified | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accurately | 298 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conditions | 121, 247 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conducting | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.controller | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dependency | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evolution, | 276 |
| abstract_inverted_index.farm-scale | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hub-height | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.large-eddy | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.phenomena, | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regardless | 260 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulating | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulation | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technology | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.throughout | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ultimately | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.validation | 268 |
| abstract_inverted_index.atmospheric | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrate | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficiency. | 303 |
| abstract_inverted_index.farm–farm | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.finite-size | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.geostrophic | 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interaction | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.large-scale | 25, 294 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methodology | 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.researchers | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulation. | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulations | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.surrounding | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Atmospheres) | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Furthermore, | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.architecture | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.capabilities | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dissipation. | 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.open-source, | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.oscillations | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.simulations, | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interactions. | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intrinsically | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conventionally | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.finite-volume, | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stratification, | 259 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high-performance | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.parallel-efficient | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gravity-wave-induced | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potential-temperature | 179, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.off-line–concurrent-precursor | 128 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 98 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5083348405, https://openalex.org/A5039817195, https://openalex.org/A5113023337, https://openalex.org/A5037605541 |
| countries_distinct_count | 2 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 4 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I141945490, https://openalex.org/I822440, https://openalex.org/I98358874 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.9100000262260437 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Affordable and clean energy |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.98605992 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | True |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |