Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) is a biodegradable biopolymer synthesized from renewable resources, providing sustainable and eco-friendly plastics. The utilization of activated sludge for PHA production has gained prominence due to its cost-effectiveness and abundant availability. Upscaling PHA production from activated sludge can contribute to waste management and resource recovery simultaneously, thereby reducing the dependence on petroleum-based plastics. This review critically examines the progress and challenges …