Trajectory Design of a Spacecraft Formation for Space-Based Solar Power Using Sequential Convex Programming Article Swipe
The concept of collecting solar power in space and transmitting it to the Earth using microwaves has been studied by numerous researchers in the past. The Space Solar Power Initiative (SSPI) at Caltech is a collaborative project to bring about the scientific and technological innovations necessary for enabling a space-based solar power system. The proposed system comprises an array of ultra-light, membrane-like deployable modules with high efficiency photovoltaic (PV) concentrators and microwave transmission antennas embedded in the structure. Each module is 60m x 60m in size and in the final configuration, hundreds of these modules span a 3km x 3km array in a geosynchronous orbit. As this formation goes around the Earth, the orientation and position of each module has to be changed so as to optimize the angle made by the photovoltaic surface with respect to the sun and by the antenna surface with respect to the receiving station on Earth. In order to achieve high antenna array efficiency, the modules have to remain in a tight formation with an edge-to-edge distance on the order of a few meters. In addition, the modules also have to avoid collisions and maintain a planar configuration to avoid the possibility of both PV and RF shadowing. In this paper, we present the trajectory design that achieves the dual goal of minimizing the propellant usage and maximizing the power delivered to the ground station, while meeting the various orbital constraints. The optimal control problem is solved using sequential convex programming for a 4 x 4 formation and the results obtained show that it is possible to maintain the formation for 11 years in a geo-synchronous orbit with relatively small amounts of propellant. This serves as a critical achievement in the path towards realizing the objective of space-based solar power.
Related Topics
Concepts
Geosynchronous orbit
Photovoltaic system
Spacecraft
Aerospace engineering
Rectenna
Solar power
Antenna (radio)
Rocket (weapon)
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
Engineering
Power (physics)
Electrical engineering
Computer science
Physics
Telecommunications
Satellite
Voltage
Quantum mechanics
Rectification
Metadata
- Type
- book-chapter
- Language
- en
- https://authors.library.caltech.edu/78719/
- OA Status
- green
- Cited By
- 4
- References
- 9
- Related Works
- 20
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W2741721600
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W2741721600Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- Title
-
Trajectory Design of a Spacecraft Formation for Space-Based Solar Power Using Sequential Convex ProgrammingWork title
- Type
-
book-chapterOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2017Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2017-06-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Ashish Goel, Soon‐Jo Chung, Sergio PellegrinoList of authors in order
- PDF URL
-
https://authors.library.caltech.edu/78719/Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
greenOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://authors.library.caltech.edu/78719/Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Geosynchronous orbit, Photovoltaic system, Spacecraft, Aerospace engineering, Rectenna, Solar power, Antenna (radio), Rocket (weapon), Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, Engineering, Power (physics), Electrical engineering, Computer science, Physics, Telecommunications, Satellite, Voltage, Quantum mechanics, RectificationTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
4Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2024: 1, 2023: 1, 2022: 1, 2021: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
9Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
20Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W2741721600 |
|---|---|
| doi | |
| ids.mag | 2741721600 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W2741721600 |
| fwci | 0.0 |
| type | book-chapter |
| title | Trajectory Design of a Spacecraft Formation for Space-Based Solar Power Using Sequential Convex Programming |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | |
| biblio.last_page | |
| biblio.first_page | |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11082 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.9993000030517578 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2202 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Aerospace Engineering |
| topics[0].display_name | Spacecraft Dynamics and Control |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11701 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.9934999942779541 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2202 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Aerospace Engineering |
| topics[1].display_name | Space Satellite Systems and Control |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10325 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/31 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Physics and Astronomy |
| topics[2].score | 0.9887999892234802 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3103 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Astronomy and Astrophysics |
| topics[2].display_name | Astro and Planetary Science |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list | |
| apc_paid | |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C94042562 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.6403650641441345 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q472251 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Geosynchronous orbit |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C41291067 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6115346550941467 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1897785 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Photovoltaic system |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C29829512 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5709498524665833 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40218 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Spacecraft |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C146978453 |
| concepts[3].level | 1 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5533403158187866 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3798668 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Aerospace engineering |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C46526593 |
| concepts[4].level | 4 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.514647364616394 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1748579 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Rectenna |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C2777618391 |
| concepts[5].level | 3 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.49173930287361145 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1483757 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Solar power |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C21822782 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4388101100921631 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131214 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Antenna (radio) |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C187878255 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.4370183050632477 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2037215 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Rocket (weapon) |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C162307627 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.43187737464904785 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204833 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[9].level | 0 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.41562482714653015 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C163258240 |
| concepts[10].level | 2 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.3947916626930237 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Power (physics) |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C119599485 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.3927343487739563 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[12].level | 0 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.38198092579841614 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C121332964 |
| concepts[13].level | 0 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.21822047233581543 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Physics |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C76155785 |
| concepts[14].level | 1 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.17684659361839294 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Telecommunications |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C19269812 |
| concepts[15].level | 2 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.12165138125419617 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26540 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Satellite |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C165801399 |
| concepts[16].level | 2 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Voltage |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C62520636 |
| concepts[17].level | 1 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Quantum mechanics |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C50942859 |
| concepts[18].level | 3 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4967193 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Rectification |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/geosynchronous-orbit |
| keywords[0].score | 0.6403650641441345 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Geosynchronous orbit |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/photovoltaic-system |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6115346550941467 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Photovoltaic system |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/spacecraft |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5709498524665833 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Spacecraft |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/aerospace-engineering |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5533403158187866 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Aerospace engineering |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/rectenna |
| keywords[4].score | 0.514647364616394 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Rectenna |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/solar-power |
| keywords[5].score | 0.49173930287361145 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Solar power |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/antenna |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4388101100921631 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Antenna (radio) |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/rocket |
| keywords[7].score | 0.4370183050632477 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Rocket (weapon) |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/enhanced-data-rates-for-gsm-evolution |
| keywords[8].score | 0.43187737464904785 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[9].score | 0.41562482714653015 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/power |
| keywords[10].score | 0.3947916626930237 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Power (physics) |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering |
| keywords[11].score | 0.3927343487739563 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Electrical engineering |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[12].score | 0.38198092579841614 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/physics |
| keywords[13].score | 0.21822047233581543 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Physics |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications |
| keywords[14].score | 0.17684659361839294 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Telecommunications |
| keywords[15].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/satellite |
| keywords[15].score | 0.12165138125419617 |
| keywords[15].display_name | Satellite |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | pmh:oai:authors.library.caltech.edu:78719 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401936 |
| locations[0].source.issn | |
| locations[0].source.type | repository |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | |
| locations[0].source.is_core | False |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | The Caltech Institute Archives (California Institute of Technology) |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I122411786 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | California Institute of Technology |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I122411786 |
| locations[0].license | |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://authors.library.caltech.edu/78719/ |
| locations[0].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | Book Section |
| locations[0].license_id | |
| locations[0].is_accepted | False |
| locations[0].is_published | False |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | |
| locations[1].id | mag:2741721600 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source | |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | http://resolver.caltech.edu/CaltechAUTHORS:20170630-094657577 |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5101748188 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4981-9338 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Ashish Goel |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Ashish Goel |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5031408324 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6657-3907 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Soon‐Jo Chung |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Soon-Jo Chung |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5080288168 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9373-3278 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Sergio Pellegrino |
| authorships[2].author_position | last |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Sergio Pellegrino |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://authors.library.caltech.edu/78719/ |
| open_access.oa_status | green |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Trajectory Design of a Spacecraft Formation for Space-Based Solar Power Using Sequential Convex Programming |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T04:12:42.849631 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11082 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9993000030517578 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2202 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Aerospace Engineering |
| primary_topic.display_name | Spacecraft Dynamics and Control |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2324038582, https://openalex.org/W2560303499, https://openalex.org/W594170633, https://openalex.org/W2065477325, https://openalex.org/W2221741084, https://openalex.org/W3092697880, https://openalex.org/W2146000790, https://openalex.org/W2262342863, https://openalex.org/W3138219983, https://openalex.org/W2836500924, https://openalex.org/W1597583768, https://openalex.org/W2997427224, https://openalex.org/W1998320732, https://openalex.org/W2543963188, https://openalex.org/W2929685256, https://openalex.org/W1963549130, https://openalex.org/W759600588, https://openalex.org/W2771463781, https://openalex.org/W3137218112, https://openalex.org/W2343483272 |
| cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | pmh:oai:authors.library.caltech.edu:78719 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401936 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | |
| best_oa_location.source.type | repository |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | False |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | The Caltech Institute Archives (California Institute of Technology) |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I122411786 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | California Institute of Technology |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I122411786 |
| best_oa_location.license | |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://authors.library.caltech.edu/78719/ |
| best_oa_location.version | submittedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | Book Section |
| best_oa_location.license_id | |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | False |
| best_oa_location.is_published | False |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | |
| primary_location.id | pmh:oai:authors.library.caltech.edu:78719 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401936 |
| primary_location.source.issn | |
| primary_location.source.type | repository |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | |
| primary_location.source.is_core | False |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | The Caltech Institute Archives (California Institute of Technology) |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I122411786 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | California Institute of Technology |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I122411786 |
| primary_location.license | |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://authors.library.caltech.edu/78719/ |
| primary_location.version | submittedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | Book Section |
| primary_location.license_id | |
| primary_location.is_accepted | False |
| primary_location.is_published | False |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | |
| publication_date | 2017-06-01 |
| publication_year | 2017 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2125240595, https://openalex.org/W2004922117, https://openalex.org/W2157255945, https://openalex.org/W2106198937, https://openalex.org/W2081462793, https://openalex.org/W2334607610, https://openalex.org/W2044274238, https://openalex.org/W2282034761, https://openalex.org/W1969834836 |
| referenced_works_count | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.4 | 249, 251 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 34, 48, 96, 102, 166, 177, 191, 248, 270, 282 |
| abstract_inverted_index.x | 82, 98, 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.11 | 267 |
| abstract_inverted_index.As | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 152, 180, 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.PV | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.RF | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 57, 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 124, 281 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 19, 130, 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 6, 22, 75, 84, 87, 101, 165, 269, 285 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 33, 80, 241, 260 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 10, 259 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 2, 59, 92, 116, 176, 198, 217, 277, 292 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 150, 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.so | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 11, 37, 120, 125, 136, 146, 154, 163, 186, 194, 227, 262 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.3km | 97, 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.60m | 81, 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 0, 25, 53, 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 8, 42, 70, 86, 114, 139, 189, 201, 222, 253 |
| abstract_inverted_index.few | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 46, 247, 266 |
| abstract_inverted_index.has | 16, 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sun | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 12, 23, 40, 76, 88, 110, 112, 127, 131, 137, 141, 147, 160, 174, 182, 196, 209, 214, 219, 224, 228, 233, 254, 264, 286, 290 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(PV) | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Each | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 279 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.both | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dual | 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.each | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.goal | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.goes | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 162, 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 65, 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.made | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.path | 287 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 257 |
| abstract_inverted_index.size | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.span | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 212, 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 106, 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 64, 134, 144, 169, 273 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Earth | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Power | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Solar | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Space | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.about | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.angle | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.array | 58, 100, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.avoid | 187, 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bring | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.final | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.orbit | 272 |
| abstract_inverted_index.order | 153, 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.past. | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.power | 5, 51, 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.small | 275 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solar | 4, 50, 294 |
| abstract_inverted_index.space | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tight | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.usage | 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 14, 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.while | 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.years | 268 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(SSPI) | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Earth, | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Earth. | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.around | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.convex | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.design | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ground | 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.module | 79, 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.orbit. | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paper, | 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.planar | 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.power. | 295 |
| abstract_inverted_index.remain | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.serves | 280 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solved | 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Caltech | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achieve | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.amounts | 276 |
| abstract_inverted_index.antenna | 142, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.changed | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concept | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.control | 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meeting | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meters. | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modules | 63, 94, 161, 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimal | 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.orbital | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.present | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.problem | 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.project | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.respect | 135, 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.station | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studied | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.surface | 133, 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system. | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.towards | 288 |
| abstract_inverted_index.various | 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achieves | 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.antennas | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.critical | 283 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distance | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.embedded | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enabling | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hundreds | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maintain | 190, 263 |
| abstract_inverted_index.numerous | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.obtained | 256 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimize | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.position | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.possible | 261 |
| abstract_inverted_index.proposed | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.station, | 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.addition, | 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comprises | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.delivered | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.formation | 107, 168, 252, 265 |
| abstract_inverted_index.microwave | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.necessary | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.objective | 291 |
| abstract_inverted_index.realizing | 289 |
| abstract_inverted_index.receiving | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Initiative | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.collecting | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.collisions | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deployable | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficiency | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.maximizing | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.microwaves | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.minimizing | 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.propellant | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relatively | 274 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scientific | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sequential | 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.shadowing. | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.structure. | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.trajectory | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.achievement | 284 |
| abstract_inverted_index.efficiency, | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.innovations | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.orientation | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.possibility | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.programming | 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.propellant. | 278 |
| abstract_inverted_index.researchers | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.space-based | 49, 293 |
| abstract_inverted_index.constraints. | 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.edge-to-edge | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.photovoltaic | 67, 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transmission | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transmitting | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ultra-light, | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.collaborative | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concentrators | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.configuration | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.membrane-like | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.technological | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.configuration, | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.geosynchronous | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.geo-synchronous | 271 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 94 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| countries_distinct_count | 0 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 3 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.6299999952316284 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Affordable and clean energy |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.15788093 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |