UM6P & UL at WojoodNER shared task: Improving Multi-Task Learning for Flat and Nested Arabic Named Entity Recognition Article Swipe

PDF

Abdelkader El Mahdaouy , Salima Lamsiyah , Hamza Alami , Christoph Schommer , Ismaïl Berrada ·

YOU? · · 2023 · Open Access · · DOI: https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.arabicnlp-1.87

In this paper, we present our submitted system for the WojoodNER Shared Task, addressing both flat and nested Arabic Named Entity Recognition (NER). Our system is based on a BERT-based multi-task learning model that leverages the existing Arabic Pretrained Language Models (PLMs) to encode the input sentences. To enhance the performance of our model, we have employed a multi-task loss variance penalty and combined several training objectives, including the Cross-Entropy loss, the Dice loss, the Tversky loss, and the Focal loss. Besides, we have studied the performance of three existing Arabic PLMs for sentence encoding. On the official test set, our system has obtained a micro-F1 score of 0.9113 and 0.9303 for Flat (Sub-Task 1) and Nested (Sub-Task 2) NER, respectively. It has been ranked in the 6th and the 2nd positions among all participating systems in Sub-Task 1 and Sub-Task 2, respectively.

Related Topics

Computer Science

Artificial Intelligence

Concepts

Computer science Task (project management) Named-entity recognition Natural language processing Artificial intelligence Speech recognition Sentence Dice Arabic Language model ENCODE Entropy (arrow of time) Mathematics Statistics Engineering Linguistics Chemistry Systems engineering Quantum mechanics Physics Biochemistry Philosophy Gene

Metadata

Type: article
Language: en
Landing Page: https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.arabicnlp-1.87
PDF: https://aclanthology.org/2023.arabicnlp-1.87.pdf
OA Status: gold
References: 20
Related Works: 10
OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4389518409

All OpenAlex metadata

Raw OpenAlex JSON

OpenAlex ID: https://openalex.org/W4389518409

Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
DOI: https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.arabicnlp-1.87

Digital Object Identifier
Title: UM6P & UL at WojoodNER shared task: Improving Multi-Task Learning for Flat and Nested Arabic Named Entity Recognition

Work title
Type: article

OpenAlex work type
Language: en

Primary language
Publication year: 2023

Year of publication
Publication date: 2023-01-01

Full publication date if available
Authors: Abdelkader El Mahdaouy, Salima Lamsiyah, Hamza Alami, Christoph Schommer, Ismaïl Berrada

List of authors in order
Landing page: https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.arabicnlp-1.87

Publisher landing page
PDF URL: https://aclanthology.org/2023.arabicnlp-1.87.pdf

Direct link to full text PDF
Open access: Yes

Whether a free full text is available
OA status: gold

Open access status per OpenAlex
OA URL: https://aclanthology.org/2023.arabicnlp-1.87.pdf

Direct OA link when available
Concepts: Computer science, Task (project management), Named-entity recognition, Natural language processing, Artificial intelligence, Speech recognition, Sentence, Dice, Arabic, Language model, ENCODE, Entropy (arrow of time), Mathematics, Statistics, Engineering, Linguistics, Chemistry, Systems engineering, Quantum mechanics, Physics, Biochemistry, Philosophy, Gene

Top concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
Cited by: 0

Total citation count in OpenAlex
References (count): 20

Number of works referenced by this work
Related works (count): 10

Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex

Full payload

id	https://openalex.org/W4389518409
doi	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.arabicnlp-1.87
ids.doi	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.arabicnlp-1.87
ids.openalex	https://openalex.org/W4389518409
fwci	0.0
type	article
title	UM6P & UL at WojoodNER shared task: Improving Multi-Task Learning for Flat and Nested Arabic Named Entity Recognition
biblio.issue
biblio.volume
biblio.last_page	782
biblio.first_page	777
topics[0].id	https://openalex.org/T10028
topics[0].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/17
topics[0].field.display_name	Computer Science
topics[0].score	0.9997000098228455
topics[0].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[0].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[0].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1702
topics[0].subfield.display_name	Artificial Intelligence
topics[0].display_name	Topic Modeling
topics[1].id	https://openalex.org/T10181
topics[1].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/17
topics[1].field.display_name	Computer Science
topics[1].score	0.9977999925613403
topics[1].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[1].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[1].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1702
topics[1].subfield.display_name	Artificial Intelligence
topics[1].display_name	Natural Language Processing Techniques
topics[2].id	https://openalex.org/T13629
topics[2].field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/17
topics[2].field.display_name	Computer Science
topics[2].score	0.9785000085830688
topics[2].domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
topics[2].domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
topics[2].subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1702
topics[2].subfield.display_name	Artificial Intelligence
topics[2].display_name	Text Readability and Simplification
is_xpac	False
apc_list
apc_paid
concepts[0].id	https://openalex.org/C41008148
concepts[0].level	0
concepts[0].score	0.7908531427383423
concepts[0].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198
concepts[0].display_name	Computer science
concepts[1].id	https://openalex.org/C2780451532
concepts[1].level	2
concepts[1].score	0.6660493612289429
concepts[1].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676
concepts[1].display_name	Task (project management)
concepts[2].id	https://openalex.org/C2779135771
concepts[2].level	3
concepts[2].score	0.5650983452796936
concepts[2].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q403574
concepts[2].display_name	Named-entity recognition
concepts[3].id	https://openalex.org/C204321447
concepts[3].level	1
concepts[3].score	0.5522893071174622
concepts[3].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642
concepts[3].display_name	Natural language processing
concepts[4].id	https://openalex.org/C154945302
concepts[4].level	1
concepts[4].score	0.5332223176956177
concepts[4].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660
concepts[4].display_name	Artificial intelligence
concepts[5].id	https://openalex.org/C28490314
concepts[5].level	1
concepts[5].score	0.5148874521255493
concepts[5].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436
concepts[5].display_name	Speech recognition
concepts[6].id	https://openalex.org/C2777530160
concepts[6].level	2
concepts[6].score	0.4974086582660675
concepts[6].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41796
concepts[6].display_name	Sentence
concepts[7].id	https://openalex.org/C22029948
concepts[7].level	2
concepts[7].score	0.48520949482917786
concepts[7].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45089
concepts[7].display_name	Dice
concepts[8].id	https://openalex.org/C96455323
concepts[8].level	2
concepts[8].score	0.4487992227077484
concepts[8].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955
concepts[8].display_name	Arabic
concepts[9].id	https://openalex.org/C137293760
concepts[9].level	2
concepts[9].score	0.44834890961647034
concepts[9].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696
concepts[9].display_name	Language model
concepts[10].id	https://openalex.org/C66746571
concepts[10].level	3
concepts[10].score	0.42702311277389526
concepts[10].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134833
concepts[10].display_name	ENCODE
concepts[11].id	https://openalex.org/C106301342
concepts[11].level	2
concepts[11].score	0.41581594944000244
concepts[11].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4117933
concepts[11].display_name	Entropy (arrow of time)
concepts[12].id	https://openalex.org/C33923547
concepts[12].level	0
concepts[12].score	0.10141244530677795
concepts[12].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395
concepts[12].display_name	Mathematics
concepts[13].id	https://openalex.org/C105795698
concepts[13].level	1
concepts[13].score	0.08304169774055481
concepts[13].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483
concepts[13].display_name	Statistics
concepts[14].id	https://openalex.org/C127413603
concepts[14].level	0
concepts[14].score	0.07576730847358704
concepts[14].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023
concepts[14].display_name	Engineering
concepts[15].id	https://openalex.org/C41895202
concepts[15].level	1
concepts[15].score	0.07541480660438538
concepts[15].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162
concepts[15].display_name	Linguistics
concepts[16].id	https://openalex.org/C185592680
concepts[16].level	0
concepts[16].score	0.0
concepts[16].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329
concepts[16].display_name	Chemistry
concepts[17].id	https://openalex.org/C201995342
concepts[17].level	1
concepts[17].score	0.0
concepts[17].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496
concepts[17].display_name	Systems engineering
concepts[18].id	https://openalex.org/C62520636
concepts[18].level	1
concepts[18].score	0.0
concepts[18].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944
concepts[18].display_name	Quantum mechanics
concepts[19].id	https://openalex.org/C121332964
concepts[19].level	0
concepts[19].score	0.0
concepts[19].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413
concepts[19].display_name	Physics
concepts[20].id	https://openalex.org/C55493867
concepts[20].level	1
concepts[20].score	0.0
concepts[20].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094
concepts[20].display_name	Biochemistry
concepts[21].id	https://openalex.org/C138885662
concepts[21].level	0
concepts[21].score	0.0
concepts[21].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891
concepts[21].display_name	Philosophy
concepts[22].id	https://openalex.org/C104317684
concepts[22].level	2
concepts[22].score	0.0
concepts[22].wikidata	https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187
concepts[22].display_name	Gene
keywords[0].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science
keywords[0].score	0.7908531427383423
keywords[0].display_name	Computer science
keywords[1].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/task
keywords[1].score	0.6660493612289429
keywords[1].display_name	Task (project management)
keywords[2].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/named-entity-recognition
keywords[2].score	0.5650983452796936
keywords[2].display_name	Named-entity recognition
keywords[3].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing
keywords[3].score	0.5522893071174622
keywords[3].display_name	Natural language processing
keywords[4].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence
keywords[4].score	0.5332223176956177
keywords[4].display_name	Artificial intelligence
keywords[5].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition
keywords[5].score	0.5148874521255493
keywords[5].display_name	Speech recognition
keywords[6].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/sentence
keywords[6].score	0.4974086582660675
keywords[6].display_name	Sentence
keywords[7].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/dice
keywords[7].score	0.48520949482917786
keywords[7].display_name	Dice
keywords[8].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic
keywords[8].score	0.4487992227077484
keywords[8].display_name	Arabic
keywords[9].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model
keywords[9].score	0.44834890961647034
keywords[9].display_name	Language model
keywords[10].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/encode
keywords[10].score	0.42702311277389526
keywords[10].display_name	ENCODE
keywords[11].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/entropy
keywords[11].score	0.41581594944000244
keywords[11].display_name	Entropy (arrow of time)
keywords[12].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics
keywords[12].score	0.10141244530677795
keywords[12].display_name	Mathematics
keywords[13].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics
keywords[13].score	0.08304169774055481
keywords[13].display_name	Statistics
keywords[14].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering
keywords[14].score	0.07576730847358704
keywords[14].display_name	Engineering
keywords[15].id	https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics
keywords[15].score	0.07541480660438538
keywords[15].display_name	Linguistics
language	en
locations[0].id	doi:10.18653/v1/2023.arabicnlp-1.87
locations[0].is_oa	True
locations[0].source
locations[0].license	cc-by
locations[0].pdf_url	https://aclanthology.org/2023.arabicnlp-1.87.pdf
locations[0].version	publishedVersion
locations[0].raw_type	proceedings-article
locations[0].license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
locations[0].is_accepted	True
locations[0].is_published	True
locations[0].raw_source_name	Proceedings of ArabicNLP 2023
locations[0].landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.arabicnlp-1.87
indexed_in	crossref
authorships[0].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5009342678
authorships[0].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4281-2472
authorships[0].author.display_name	Abdelkader El Mahdaouy
authorships[0].countries	MA
authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I4210131560
authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	College of Computing, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco
authorships[0].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I4210131560
authorships[0].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/03xc55g68
authorships[0].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I4210131560
authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code	MA
authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name	Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique
authorships[0].author_position	first
authorships[0].raw_author_name	Abdelkader Mahdaouy
authorships[0].is_corresponding	False
authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings	College of Computing, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco
authorships[1].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5070022854
authorships[1].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8789-5713
authorships[1].author.display_name	Salima Lamsiyah
authorships[1].countries	LU
authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I186903577
authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Dept. of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
authorships[1].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I186903577
authorships[1].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/036x5ad56
authorships[1].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I186903577
authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code	LU
authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name	University of Luxembourg
authorships[1].author_position	middle
authorships[1].raw_author_name	Salima Lamsiyah
authorships[1].is_corresponding	False
authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings	Dept. of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
authorships[2].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5028888571
authorships[2].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6945-6098
authorships[2].author.display_name	Hamza Alami
authorships[2].countries	MA
authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I4210131560
authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	College of Computing, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco
authorships[2].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I4210131560
authorships[2].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/03xc55g68
authorships[2].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I4210131560
authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code	MA
authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name	Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique
authorships[2].author_position	middle
authorships[2].raw_author_name	Hamza Alami
authorships[2].is_corresponding	False
authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings	College of Computing, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco
authorships[3].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5055092426
authorships[3].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0308-7637
authorships[3].author.display_name	Christoph Schommer
authorships[3].countries	LU
authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I186903577
authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	Dept. of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
authorships[3].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I186903577
authorships[3].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/036x5ad56
authorships[3].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I186903577
authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code	LU
authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name	University of Luxembourg
authorships[3].author_position	middle
authorships[3].raw_author_name	Christoph Schommer
authorships[3].is_corresponding	False
authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings	Dept. of Computer Science, Faculty of Science, Technology and Medicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
authorships[4].author.id	https://openalex.org/A5091770877
authorships[4].author.orcid	https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4225-911X
authorships[4].author.display_name	Ismaïl Berrada
authorships[4].countries	MA
authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids	https://openalex.org/I4210131560
authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string	College of Computing, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco
authorships[4].institutions[0].id	https://openalex.org/I4210131560
authorships[4].institutions[0].ror	https://ror.org/03xc55g68
authorships[4].institutions[0].type	education
authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage	https://openalex.org/I4210131560
authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code	MA
authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name	Université Mohammed VI Polytechnique
authorships[4].author_position	last
authorships[4].raw_author_name	Ismail Berrada
authorships[4].is_corresponding	False
authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings	College of Computing, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Morocco
has_content.pdf	True
has_content.grobid_xml	True
is_paratext	False
open_access.is_oa	True
open_access.oa_url	https://aclanthology.org/2023.arabicnlp-1.87.pdf
open_access.oa_status	gold
open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext	False
created_date	2025-10-10T00:00:00
display_name	UM6P & UL at WojoodNER shared task: Improving Multi-Task Learning for Flat and Nested Arabic Named Entity Recognition
has_fulltext	True
is_retracted	False
updated_date	2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776
primary_topic.id	https://openalex.org/T10028
primary_topic.field.id	https://openalex.org/fields/17
primary_topic.field.display_name	Computer Science
primary_topic.score	0.9997000098228455
primary_topic.domain.id	https://openalex.org/domains/3
primary_topic.domain.display_name	Physical Sciences
primary_topic.subfield.id	https://openalex.org/subfields/1702
primary_topic.subfield.display_name	Artificial Intelligence
primary_topic.display_name	Topic Modeling
related_works	https://openalex.org/W3104750253, https://openalex.org/W3021239166, https://openalex.org/W2586273397, https://openalex.org/W2390936256, https://openalex.org/W2483429559, https://openalex.org/W2016385589, https://openalex.org/W2009559548, https://openalex.org/W4366341510, https://openalex.org/W2906397153, https://openalex.org/W4387517132
cited_by_count	0
locations_count	1
best_oa_location.id	doi:10.18653/v1/2023.arabicnlp-1.87
best_oa_location.is_oa	True
best_oa_location.source
best_oa_location.license	cc-by
best_oa_location.pdf_url	https://aclanthology.org/2023.arabicnlp-1.87.pdf
best_oa_location.version	publishedVersion
best_oa_location.raw_type	proceedings-article
best_oa_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
best_oa_location.is_accepted	True
best_oa_location.is_published	True
best_oa_location.raw_source_name	Proceedings of ArabicNLP 2023
best_oa_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.arabicnlp-1.87
primary_location.id	doi:10.18653/v1/2023.arabicnlp-1.87
primary_location.is_oa	True
primary_location.source
primary_location.license	cc-by
primary_location.pdf_url	https://aclanthology.org/2023.arabicnlp-1.87.pdf
primary_location.version	publishedVersion
primary_location.raw_type	proceedings-article
primary_location.license_id	https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by
primary_location.is_accepted	True
primary_location.is_published	True
primary_location.raw_source_name	Proceedings of ArabicNLP 2023
primary_location.landing_page_url	https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/2023.arabicnlp-1.87
publication_date	2023-01-01
publication_year	2023
referenced_works	https://openalex.org/W4385656585, https://openalex.org/W1728883788, https://openalex.org/W4221025428, https://openalex.org/W1697700638, https://openalex.org/W2803609931, https://openalex.org/W4281476834, https://openalex.org/W3134155512, https://openalex.org/W2685298434, https://openalex.org/W2047477415, https://openalex.org/W2890224137, https://openalex.org/W2857028992, https://openalex.org/W2033599040, https://openalex.org/W4385572487, https://openalex.org/W2104912629, https://openalex.org/W2970773251, https://openalex.org/W2884561390, https://openalex.org/W3034328552, https://openalex.org/W3011594683, https://openalex.org/W3133440961, https://openalex.org/W3176169354
referenced_works_count	20
abstract_inverted_index.1	138
abstract_inverted_index.a	28, 57, 104
abstract_inverted_index.1)	114
abstract_inverted_index.2)	118
abstract_inverted_index.2,	141
abstract_inverted_index.In	0
abstract_inverted_index.It	121
abstract_inverted_index.On	95
abstract_inverted_index.To	47
abstract_inverted_index.in	125, 136
abstract_inverted_index.is	25
abstract_inverted_index.of	51, 87, 107
abstract_inverted_index.on	27
abstract_inverted_index.to	42
abstract_inverted_index.we	3, 54, 82
abstract_inverted_index.2nd	130
abstract_inverted_index.6th	127
abstract_inverted_index.Our	23
abstract_inverted_index.all	133
abstract_inverted_index.and	16, 62, 77, 109, 115, 128, 139
abstract_inverted_index.for	8, 92, 111
abstract_inverted_index.has	102, 122
abstract_inverted_index.our	5, 52, 100
abstract_inverted_index.the	9, 35, 44, 49, 68, 71, 74, 78, 85, 96, 126, 129
abstract_inverted_index.Dice	72
abstract_inverted_index.Flat	112
abstract_inverted_index.NER,	119
abstract_inverted_index.PLMs	91
abstract_inverted_index.been	123
abstract_inverted_index.both	14
abstract_inverted_index.flat	15
abstract_inverted_index.have	55, 83
abstract_inverted_index.loss	59
abstract_inverted_index.set,	99
abstract_inverted_index.test	98
abstract_inverted_index.that	33
abstract_inverted_index.this	1
abstract_inverted_index.Focal	79
abstract_inverted_index.Named	19
abstract_inverted_index.Task,	12
abstract_inverted_index.among	132
abstract_inverted_index.based	26
abstract_inverted_index.input	45
abstract_inverted_index.loss,	70, 73, 76
abstract_inverted_index.loss.	80
abstract_inverted_index.model	32
abstract_inverted_index.score	106
abstract_inverted_index.three	88
abstract_inverted_index.(NER).	22
abstract_inverted_index.(PLMs)	41
abstract_inverted_index.0.9113	108
abstract_inverted_index.0.9303	110
abstract_inverted_index.Arabic	18, 37, 90
abstract_inverted_index.Entity	20
abstract_inverted_index.Models	40
abstract_inverted_index.Nested	116
abstract_inverted_index.Shared	11
abstract_inverted_index.encode	43
abstract_inverted_index.model,	53
abstract_inverted_index.nested	17
abstract_inverted_index.paper,	2
abstract_inverted_index.ranked	124
abstract_inverted_index.system	7, 24, 101
abstract_inverted_index.Tversky	75
abstract_inverted_index.enhance	48
abstract_inverted_index.penalty	61
abstract_inverted_index.present	4
abstract_inverted_index.several	64
abstract_inverted_index.studied	84
abstract_inverted_index.systems	135
abstract_inverted_index.Besides,	81
abstract_inverted_index.Language	39
abstract_inverted_index.Sub-Task	137, 140
abstract_inverted_index.combined	63
abstract_inverted_index.employed	56
abstract_inverted_index.existing	36, 89
abstract_inverted_index.learning	31
abstract_inverted_index.micro-F1	105
abstract_inverted_index.obtained	103
abstract_inverted_index.official	97
abstract_inverted_index.sentence	93
abstract_inverted_index.training	65
abstract_inverted_index.variance	60
abstract_inverted_index.(Sub-Task	113, 117
abstract_inverted_index.WojoodNER	10
abstract_inverted_index.encoding.	94
abstract_inverted_index.including	67
abstract_inverted_index.leverages	34
abstract_inverted_index.positions	131
abstract_inverted_index.submitted	6
abstract_inverted_index.BERT-based	29
abstract_inverted_index.Pretrained	38
abstract_inverted_index.addressing	13
abstract_inverted_index.multi-task	30, 58
abstract_inverted_index.sentences.	46
abstract_inverted_index.Recognition	21
abstract_inverted_index.objectives,	66
abstract_inverted_index.performance	50, 86
abstract_inverted_index.Cross-Entropy	69
abstract_inverted_index.participating	134
abstract_inverted_index.respectively.	120, 142
cited_by_percentile_year
countries_distinct_count	2
institutions_distinct_count	5
sustainable_development_goals[0].id	https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16
sustainable_development_goals[0].score	0.5699999928474426
sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name	Peace, Justice and strong institutions
citation_normalized_percentile.value	0.19603289
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent	False
citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent	False