Uncovering Bias in Objective Mapping and Subjective Perception of Urban Building Functionality: A Machine Learning Approach to Urban Spatial Perception Article Swipe
Jiaxin Zhang
,
Zhilin Yu
,
Yunqin Li
,
Xue‐Qiang Wang
·
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071322
YOU?
·
· 2023
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071322
Urban spatial perception critically influences human behavior and emotional reactions, emphasizing the necessity of aligning urban spaces with human needs for enhanced urban living. However, functionality-based categorization of urban architecture is prone to biases, stemming from disparities between objective mapping and subjective perception. These biases can result in urban planning and designs that fail to cater adequately to the needs and preferences of city residents, negatively impacting their quality of life and the city’s overall functionality. This research scrutinizes the perceptual biases and disparities in architectural function distribution within urban spaces, with a particular focus on Shanghai’s central urban district. The study employs machine learning to clarify these biases within urban spatial perception research, utilizing a tripartite methodology: objective mapping, subjective perception analysis, and perception deviation assessment. The study revealed significant discrepancies in the distribution centroids between commercial buildings and residential or public buildings. This result illuminates the spatial organization characteristics of urban architectural functions, serving as a valuable reference for urban planning and development. Furthermore, it uncovers the advantages and disadvantages of different data sources and techniques in interpreting urban spatial perception, paving the way for a more comprehensive understanding of the subject. Our findings underscore the need for urban planning strategies that align with human perceptual needs, thereby enhancing the quality of the urban environment and fostering a more habitable and sustainable urban space. The study’s implications suggest that a deeper understanding of perceptual needs can optimize architectural function distribution, enhancing the urban environment’s quality.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071322
- https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/7/1322/pdf?version=1688119026
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 10
- References
- 56
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4382752075
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4382752075Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071322Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Uncovering Bias in Objective Mapping and Subjective Perception of Urban Building Functionality: A Machine Learning Approach to Urban Spatial PerceptionWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2023Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2023-06-30Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Jiaxin Zhang, Zhilin Yu, Yunqin Li, Xue‐Qiang WangList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071322Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/7/1322/pdf?version=1688119026Direct link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/7/1322/pdf?version=1688119026Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Perception, Urban planning, Urban design, Categorization, Function (biology), Built environment, Quality (philosophy), Geography, Environmental planning, Computer science, Psychology, Engineering, Artificial intelligence, Civil engineering, Philosophy, Biology, Neuroscience, Epistemology, Evolutionary biologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
10Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 5, 2024: 4, 2023: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
56Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4382752075 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071322 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071322 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4382752075 |
| fwci | 2.33642817 |
| type | article |
| title | Uncovering Bias in Objective Mapping and Subjective Perception of Urban Building Functionality: A Machine Learning Approach to Urban Spatial Perception |
| biblio.issue | 7 |
| biblio.volume | 12 |
| biblio.last_page | 1322 |
| biblio.first_page | 1322 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10692 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| topics[0].score | 0.9975000023841858 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2307 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis |
| topics[0].display_name | Urban Green Space and Health |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11692 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/36 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Health Professions |
| topics[1].score | 0.9943000078201294 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3616 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Speech and Hearing |
| topics[1].display_name | Noise Effects and Management |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T12325 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9922999739646912 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2215 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Building and Construction |
| topics[2].display_name | Urban Design and Spatial Analysis |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2000 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2165 |
| apc_paid.value | 2000 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2165 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C26760741 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7006059885025024 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160402 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Perception |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C49545453 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6902689933776855 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69883 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Urban planning |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C205300905 |
| concepts[2].level | 3 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5573423504829407 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q63100 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Urban design |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C94124525 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5335182547569275 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Categorization |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C14036430 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.4667755663394928 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Function (biology) |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C148803439 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.46187424659729004 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4986688 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Built environment |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C2779530757 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.43793171644210815 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Quality (philosophy) |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C205649164 |
| concepts[7].level | 0 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.4372996687889099 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Geography |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C91375879 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.3572370409965515 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15473274 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Environmental planning |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[9].level | 0 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.3385423421859741 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C15744967 |
| concepts[10].level | 0 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.30084726214408875 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Psychology |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[11].level | 0 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.1820841133594513 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C154945302 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.17429795861244202 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C147176958 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.16515177488327026 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Civil engineering |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C138885662 |
| concepts[14].level | 0 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Philosophy |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[15].level | 0 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Biology |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C169760540 |
| concepts[16].level | 1 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Neuroscience |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C111472728 |
| concepts[17].level | 1 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Epistemology |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C78458016 |
| concepts[18].level | 1 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Evolutionary biology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/perception |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7006059885025024 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Perception |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-planning |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6902689933776855 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Urban planning |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/urban-design |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5573423504829407 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Urban design |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5335182547569275 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Categorization |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/function |
| keywords[4].score | 0.4667755663394928 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Function (biology) |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/built-environment |
| keywords[5].score | 0.46187424659729004 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Built environment |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/quality |
| keywords[6].score | 0.43793171644210815 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Quality (philosophy) |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/geography |
| keywords[7].score | 0.4372996687889099 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Geography |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-planning |
| keywords[8].score | 0.3572370409965515 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Environmental planning |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[9].score | 0.3385423421859741 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology |
| keywords[10].score | 0.30084726214408875 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Psychology |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[11].score | 0.1820841133594513 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence |
| keywords[12].score | 0.17429795861244202 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Artificial intelligence |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering |
| keywords[13].score | 0.16515177488327026 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Civil engineering |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/land12071322 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2738397068 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2073-445X |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2073-445X |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Land |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/7/1322/pdf?version=1688119026 |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Land |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071322 |
| locations[1].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:f0e819fc9cc5498ab010defa6f2a9adf |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | article |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | False |
| locations[1].is_published | False |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Land, Vol 12, Iss 7, p 1322 (2023) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/f0e819fc9cc5498ab010defa6f2a9adf |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5100414871 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6330-6723 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Jiaxin Zhang |
| authorships[0].countries | CN |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I141649914 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Architecture and Design College, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Avenue, Honggutan New District, Nanchang 330031, China |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I141649914 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/042v6xz23 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I141649914 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Nanchang University |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Jiaxin Zhang |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Architecture and Design College, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Avenue, Honggutan New District, Nanchang 330031, China |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5068766280 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7116-3304 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Zhilin Yu |
| authorships[1].countries | CN |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I76569877 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I76569877 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/04ct4d772 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I76569877 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Southeast University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Zhilin Yu |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | School of Architecture, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5048679031 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1886-0477 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Yunqin Li |
| authorships[2].countries | CN |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I141649914 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Architecture and Design College, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Avenue, Honggutan New District, Nanchang 330031, China |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I141649914 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/042v6xz23 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I141649914 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Nanchang University |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Yunqin Li |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Architecture and Design College, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Avenue, Honggutan New District, Nanchang 330031, China |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5012001812 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5577-5231 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Xue‐Qiang Wang |
| authorships[3].countries | CN |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I141649914 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Architecture and Design College, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Avenue, Honggutan New District, Nanchang 330031, China |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I141649914 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/042v6xz23 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I141649914 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | CN |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Nanchang University |
| authorships[3].author_position | last |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Xueqiang Wang |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Architecture and Design College, Nanchang University, No. 999, Xuefu Avenue, Honggutan New District, Nanchang 330031, China |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/7/1322/pdf?version=1688119026 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Uncovering Bias in Objective Mapping and Subjective Perception of Urban Building Functionality: A Machine Learning Approach to Urban Spatial Perception |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10692 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/23 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Environmental Science |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9975000023841858 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2307 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis |
| primary_topic.display_name | Urban Green Space and Health |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W4379157549, https://openalex.org/W2586609095, https://openalex.org/W1690951327, https://openalex.org/W2023574901, https://openalex.org/W3088037786, https://openalex.org/W2278632338, https://openalex.org/W3215755231, https://openalex.org/W2601988758, https://openalex.org/W3181320628, https://openalex.org/W2184922990 |
| cited_by_count | 10 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 5 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 2 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/land12071322 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2738397068 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2073-445X |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2073-445X |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Land |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/7/1322/pdf?version=1688119026 |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Land |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071322 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/land12071322 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2738397068 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2073-445X |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2073-445X |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Land |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-445X/12/7/1322/pdf?version=1688119026 |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Land |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/land12071322 |
| publication_date | 2023-06-30 |
| publication_year | 2023 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W4240070735, https://openalex.org/W2282503792, https://openalex.org/W4293537598, https://openalex.org/W2071121620, https://openalex.org/W1979754191, https://openalex.org/W2028979196, https://openalex.org/W4285061211, https://openalex.org/W2896463379, https://openalex.org/W2118286956, https://openalex.org/W3112826508, https://openalex.org/W4220857710, https://openalex.org/W4207062688, https://openalex.org/W2771961701, https://openalex.org/W2794423274, https://openalex.org/W2944019945, https://openalex.org/W2919383237, https://openalex.org/W3118899681, https://openalex.org/W3166725335, https://openalex.org/W4281759245, https://openalex.org/W2188243768, https://openalex.org/W2995748810, https://openalex.org/W3142749060, https://openalex.org/W3009379215, https://openalex.org/W3041112601, https://openalex.org/W2948019632, https://openalex.org/W4281390368, https://openalex.org/W3195869152, https://openalex.org/W4233954437, https://openalex.org/W4306981601, https://openalex.org/W3012973273, https://openalex.org/W2983172253, https://openalex.org/W2950622816, https://openalex.org/W3001292254, https://openalex.org/W2941608808, https://openalex.org/W2057204588, https://openalex.org/W3200026094, https://openalex.org/W3195253653, https://openalex.org/W2774239205, https://openalex.org/W6843139845, https://openalex.org/W4294347834, https://openalex.org/W3082558305, https://openalex.org/W2962783540, https://openalex.org/W2790947208, https://openalex.org/W3092250696, https://openalex.org/W3011743383, https://openalex.org/W2560023338, https://openalex.org/W2412782625, https://openalex.org/W6793164127, https://openalex.org/W6675354045, https://openalex.org/W3048804154, https://openalex.org/W3150635270, https://openalex.org/W2067393637, https://openalex.org/W4200600696, https://openalex.org/W2920593539, https://openalex.org/W2101234009, https://openalex.org/W4294619561 |
| referenced_works_count | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 92, 115, 157, 187, 219, 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 47, 84, 132, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 13, 27, 62, 69, 151, 172, 191, 213, 234 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 32, 54, 57, 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Our | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 100, 127, 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 7, 40, 50, 60, 71, 82, 123, 139, 163, 170, 176, 217, 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 45, 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 20, 160, 186, 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 11, 58, 72, 79, 133, 147, 168, 184, 192, 197, 211, 214, 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.way | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 76, 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.city | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fail | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 35 |
| abstract_inverted_index.life | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 188, 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.need | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 52, 203, 230 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 17, 91, 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.These | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Urban | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.align | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cater | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.focus | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.human | 5, 18, 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.needs | 19, 59, 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prone | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 101, 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.urban | 15, 22, 28, 48, 89, 98, 110, 152, 161, 180, 200, 215, 224, 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.biases | 44, 81, 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deeper | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.needs, | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.paving | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.public | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.result | 46, 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.space. | 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spaces | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.within | 88, 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.between | 37, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.biases, | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.central | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.clarify | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.designs | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.employs | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.living. | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.machine | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mapping | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.overall | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quality | 68, 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.serving | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sources | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spaces, | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spatial | 1, 111, 148, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suggest | 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.thereby | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.However, | 24 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aligning | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.behavior | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.city’s | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enhanced | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.function | 86, 240 |
| abstract_inverted_index.learning | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mapping, | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.optimize | 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.planning | 49, 162, 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.quality. | 246 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research | 77 |
| abstract_inverted_index.revealed | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stemming | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.subject. | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uncovers | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.valuable | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis, | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.buildings | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.centroids | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.deviation | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 173 |
| abstract_inverted_index.district. | 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emotional | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.enhancing | 210, 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fostering | 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.habitable | 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impacting | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.necessity | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.objective | 38, 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reference | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research, | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study’s | 227 |
| abstract_inverted_index.utilizing | 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adequately | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.advantages | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.buildings. | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.commercial | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.critically | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.functions, | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.influences | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.negatively | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.particular | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.perception | 2, 112, 121, 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.perceptual | 80, 207, 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reactions, | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.residents, | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.strategies | 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.subjective | 41, 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.techniques | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tripartite | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.underscore | 196 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assessment. | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disparities | 36, 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emphasizing | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environment | 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.illuminates | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.perception, | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.perception. | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.preferences | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.residential | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scrutinizes | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significant | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sustainable | 223 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Furthermore, | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Shanghai’s | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.architecture | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.development. | 164 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distribution | 87, 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implications | 228 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interpreting | 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methodology: | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.organization | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.architectural | 85, 153, 239 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comprehensive | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disadvantages | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discrepancies | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distribution, | 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.understanding | 190, 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.categorization | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.functionality. | 75 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characteristics | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environment’s | 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.functionality-based | 25 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 98 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5048679031 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 4 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I141649914 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.800000011920929 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Sustainable cities and communities |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.83428231 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |