Use of Different Inclusion Criteria to Compare COVID-19 Hospital Admission Rates by Race and Ethnicity: A Cohort Study Article Swipe
Joshua Longcoy
,
Zeynep Isgor
,
Sumihiro Suzuki
,
Elizabeth B. Lynch
,
Heng Wang
,
David Ansell
,
Tricia J. Johnson
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040381
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040381
Background/Objectives: Reports documenting racial disparities in COVID-19 hospitalization rates from electronic medical record data have used different sample selection methods. Studies including all individuals with a positive COVID-19 test may be vulnerable to misclassification bias if hospitalization status is not captured for all individuals (i.e., if they went to a non-study hospital). A few studies have used only patients who tested positive in the ED and have found different results. In this study, we explore the implications of using different sets of inclusion criteria for analyses that compare COVID-19 hospital admissions by race and ethnicity. Methods: Two separate data sets were created by applying the two different COVID-19 testing inclusion criteria to medical records data from a single academic health system. We used logistic regression to compare the odds of COVID-19 hospitalization across race and ethnicity for each data set and compared our results with previous studies. Results: We found that using all positive COVID-19 tests as the study sample resulted in higher odds of hospitalization for Black and Hispanic patients relative to White patients. In contrast, using only patients who tested positive in the ED resulted in higher odds of hospitalization for White patients. These findings matched the findings of other studies. Conclusions: Patient inclusion criteria should be considered carefully when comparing results from studies of COVID-19 hospitalization.
Related Topics
Concepts
Medicine
Odds
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Odds ratio
Ethnic group
Logistic regression
Medical record
Sample size determination
Inclusion (mineral)
Demography
Race (biology)
Family medicine
Internal medicine
Psychology
Statistics
Disease
Botany
Biology
Social psychology
Infectious disease (medical specialty)
Mathematics
Sociology
Anthropology
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040381
- OA Status
- gold
- References
- 30
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4407353874
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4407353874Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040381Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Use of Different Inclusion Criteria to Compare COVID-19 Hospital Admission Rates by Race and Ethnicity: A Cohort StudyWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-02-11Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Joshua Longcoy, Zeynep Isgor, Sumihiro Suzuki, Elizabeth B. Lynch, Heng Wang, David Ansell, Tricia J. JohnsonList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040381Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040381Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Medicine, Odds, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), Odds ratio, Ethnic group, Logistic regression, Medical record, Sample size determination, Inclusion (mineral), Demography, Race (biology), Family medicine, Internal medicine, Psychology, Statistics, Disease, Botany, Biology, Social psychology, Infectious disease (medical specialty), Mathematics, Sociology, AnthropologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
0Total citation count in OpenAlex
- References (count)
-
30Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4407353874 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040381 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040381 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39997256 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4407353874 |
| fwci | 0.0 |
| type | article |
| title | Use of Different Inclusion Criteria to Compare COVID-19 Hospital Admission Rates by Race and Ethnicity: A Cohort Study |
| biblio.issue | 4 |
| biblio.volume | 13 |
| biblio.last_page | 381 |
| biblio.first_page | 381 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10041 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[0].score | 0.9945999979972839 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2725 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Infectious Diseases |
| topics[0].display_name | COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11610 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/36 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Health Professions |
| topics[1].score | 0.9932000041007996 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3600 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | General Health Professions |
| topics[1].display_name | Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11296 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Medicine |
| topics[2].score | 0.9911999702453613 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2730 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Oncology |
| topics[2].display_name | COVID-19 and healthcare impacts |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 1800 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 1949 |
| apc_paid.value | 1800 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 1949 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C71924100 |
| concepts[0].level | 0 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.7401230335235596 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Medicine |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C143095724 |
| concepts[1].level | 3 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.7269725799560547 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q515895 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Odds |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C3008058167 |
| concepts[2].level | 4 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6781625151634216 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q84263196 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C156957248 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.6401129364967346 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1862216 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Odds ratio |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C137403100 |
| concepts[4].level | 2 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.6390702724456787 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41710 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Ethnic group |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C151956035 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.6149485111236572 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Logistic regression |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C195910791 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4839461147785187 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Medical record |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C129848803 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.45472729206085205 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2564360 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Sample size determination |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C109359841 |
| concepts[8].level | 2 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.4510773718357086 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q728944 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Inclusion (mineral) |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C149923435 |
| concepts[9].level | 1 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.44399356842041016 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Demography |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C76509639 |
| concepts[10].level | 2 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.41969022154808044 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918036 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Race (biology) |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C512399662 |
| concepts[11].level | 1 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.34046292304992676 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3505712 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Family medicine |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C126322002 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.16734570264816284 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Internal medicine |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C15744967 |
| concepts[13].level | 0 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.14075002074241638 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Psychology |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C105795698 |
| concepts[14].level | 1 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.07064664363861084 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Statistics |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C2779134260 |
| concepts[15].level | 2 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Disease |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C59822182 |
| concepts[16].level | 1 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Botany |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[17].level | 0 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Biology |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C77805123 |
| concepts[18].level | 1 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Social psychology |
| concepts[19].id | https://openalex.org/C524204448 |
| concepts[19].level | 3 |
| concepts[19].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[19].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q788926 |
| concepts[19].display_name | Infectious disease (medical specialty) |
| concepts[20].id | https://openalex.org/C33923547 |
| concepts[20].level | 0 |
| concepts[20].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[20].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395 |
| concepts[20].display_name | Mathematics |
| concepts[21].id | https://openalex.org/C144024400 |
| concepts[21].level | 0 |
| concepts[21].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[21].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201 |
| concepts[21].display_name | Sociology |
| concepts[22].id | https://openalex.org/C19165224 |
| concepts[22].level | 1 |
| concepts[22].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[22].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404 |
| concepts[22].display_name | Anthropology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine |
| keywords[0].score | 0.7401230335235596 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Medicine |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/odds |
| keywords[1].score | 0.7269725799560547 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Odds |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/coronavirus-disease-2019 |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6781625151634216 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/odds-ratio |
| keywords[3].score | 0.6401129364967346 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Odds ratio |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/ethnic-group |
| keywords[4].score | 0.6390702724456787 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Ethnic group |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression |
| keywords[5].score | 0.6149485111236572 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Logistic regression |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-record |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4839461147785187 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Medical record |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/sample-size-determination |
| keywords[7].score | 0.45472729206085205 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Sample size determination |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/inclusion |
| keywords[8].score | 0.4510773718357086 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Inclusion (mineral) |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/demography |
| keywords[9].score | 0.44399356842041016 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Demography |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/race |
| keywords[10].score | 0.41969022154808044 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Race (biology) |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/family-medicine |
| keywords[11].score | 0.34046292304992676 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Family medicine |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine |
| keywords[12].score | 0.16734570264816284 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Internal medicine |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology |
| keywords[13].score | 0.14075002074241638 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Psychology |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics |
| keywords[14].score | 0.07064664363861084 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Statistics |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/healthcare13040381 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210214101 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2227-9032 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2227-9032 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Healthcare |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Healthcare |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040381 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:39997256 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39997256 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11855206 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[2].license | other-oa |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | Text |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Healthcare (Basel) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11855206 |
| indexed_in | crossref, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5065830713 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3781-3756 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Joshua Longcoy |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Health Systems Management, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 126B, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | RUSH BMO Institute for Health Equity, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 126B, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01j7c0b24 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Rush University Medical Center |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Joshua Longcoy |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Health Systems Management, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 126B, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, RUSH BMO Institute for Health Equity, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 126B, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5070318662 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5176-9547 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Zeynep Isgor |
| authorships[1].countries | US |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Health Systems Management, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 126B, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01j7c0b24 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | Rush University Medical Center |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Zeynep Isgor |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Health Systems Management, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 126B, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5078788483 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6408-9580 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Sumihiro Suzuki |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01j7c0b24 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Rush University Medical Center |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Sumihiro Suzuki |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5048329004 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0575-711X |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Elizabeth B. Lynch |
| authorships[3].countries | US |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[3].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | RUSH BMO Institute for Health Equity, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 126B, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01j7c0b24 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | Rush University Medical Center |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Elizabeth Lynch |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, RUSH BMO Institute for Health Equity, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 126B, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5017497322 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2410-6144 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Heng Wang |
| authorships[4].countries | US |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01j7c0b24 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | Rush University Medical Center |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Heng Wang |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5105771267 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2286-6425 |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | David Ansell |
| authorships[5].countries | US |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[5].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | Center for Community Health Equity, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[5].affiliations[2].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[2].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush Medical College, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01j7c0b24 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | Rush University Medical Center |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | David Ansell |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | Center for Community Health Equity, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, Department of Preventive Medicine, Rush Medical College, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 470, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5089976240 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4768-0042 |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | Tricia J. Johnson |
| authorships[6].countries | US |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Health Systems Management, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 126B, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[6].affiliations[1].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[1].raw_affiliation_string | RUSH BMO Institute for Health Equity, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 126B, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/01j7c0b24 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | healthcare |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | Rush University Medical Center |
| authorships[6].author_position | last |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Tricia J. Johnson |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Health Systems Management, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 126B, Chicago, IL 60612, USA, RUSH BMO Institute for Health Equity, Rush University Medical Center, 1700 W. Van Buren St. Suite 126B, Chicago, IL 60612, USA |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040381 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Use of Different Inclusion Criteria to Compare COVID-19 Hospital Admission Rates by Race and Ethnicity: A Cohort Study |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10041 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/27 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Medicine |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9945999979972839 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/4 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Health Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2725 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Infectious Diseases |
| primary_topic.display_name | COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W1604849300, https://openalex.org/W4231328776, https://openalex.org/W2766061861, https://openalex.org/W1604293003, https://openalex.org/W1979850356, https://openalex.org/W3005040438, https://openalex.org/W3132387835, https://openalex.org/W2910024633, https://openalex.org/W3124750890, https://openalex.org/W3186119517 |
| cited_by_count | 0 |
| locations_count | 3 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/healthcare13040381 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210214101 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2227-9032 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2227-9032 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Healthcare |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Healthcare |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040381 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/healthcare13040381 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S4210214101 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2227-9032 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2227-9032 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Healthcare |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Healthcare |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13040381 |
| publication_date | 2025-02-11 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W3214495208, https://openalex.org/W3109999591, https://openalex.org/W3214765321, https://openalex.org/W4220847398, https://openalex.org/W4285753601, https://openalex.org/W3162906423, https://openalex.org/W3172988167, https://openalex.org/W3177383255, https://openalex.org/W3128929332, https://openalex.org/W3176914651, https://openalex.org/W3093962043, https://openalex.org/W3163152301, https://openalex.org/W6782247965, https://openalex.org/W3031713996, https://openalex.org/W4200032362, https://openalex.org/W3131982959, https://openalex.org/W3050053070, https://openalex.org/W3183510501, https://openalex.org/W3107277112, https://openalex.org/W3028583791, https://openalex.org/W3154973785, https://openalex.org/W3143580055, https://openalex.org/W3089454722, https://openalex.org/W6840647945, https://openalex.org/W577825744, https://openalex.org/W1532181279, https://openalex.org/W3213445861, https://openalex.org/W4200297604, https://openalex.org/W4221066883, https://openalex.org/W3048110236 |
| referenced_works_count | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.A | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 25, 49, 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ED | 64, 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.In | 70, 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 121, 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 30, 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 91, 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.if | 35, 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 5, 62, 161, 183, 187 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 77, 81, 129, 164, 190, 200, 216 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 32, 48, 111, 125, 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Two | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.all | 22, 42, 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 65, 93, 134, 140, 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.few | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 41, 84, 136, 166, 192 |
| abstract_inverted_index.may | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.our | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.set | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 63, 75, 104, 127, 157, 184, 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.two | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.who | 59, 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bias | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 13, 98, 114, 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.each | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 9, 115, 214 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 14, 55, 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.odds | 128, 163, 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.only | 57, 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.race | 92, 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sets | 80, 99 |
| abstract_inverted_index.test | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 86, 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.they | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.used | 15, 56, 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.went | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.were | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.when | 211 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 24, 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Black | 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.These | 195 |
| abstract_inverted_index.White | 173, 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.found | 67, 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.other | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.rates | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tests | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 78, 151, 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(i.e., | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.across | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.health | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 162, 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.racial | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.record | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sample | 17, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.should | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.single | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.status | 37 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study, | 72 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tested | 60, 181 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Patient | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Reports | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Studies | 20 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compare | 87, 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.created | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.explore | 74 |
| abstract_inverted_index.matched | 197 |
| abstract_inverted_index.medical | 11, 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.records | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 143, 213 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies | 54, 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.system. | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.testing | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.COVID-19 | 6, 27, 88, 107, 130, 154, 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Hispanic | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Methods: | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Results: | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.academic | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analyses | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.applying | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.captured | 40 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compared | 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.criteria | 83, 110, 206 |
| abstract_inverted_index.findings | 196, 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hospital | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.logistic | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methods. | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patients | 58, 170, 179 |
| abstract_inverted_index.positive | 26, 61, 153, 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.previous | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.relative | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resulted | 160, 186 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results. | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.separate | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.studies. | 146, 202 |
| abstract_inverted_index.carefully | 210 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comparing | 212 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contrast, | 176 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 16, 68, 79, 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ethnicity | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.including | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.inclusion | 82, 109, 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.non-study | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patients. | 174, 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.selection | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.admissions | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.considered | 209 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electronic | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ethnicity. | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hospital). | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.regression | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vulnerable | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.disparities | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.documenting | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.individuals | 23, 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Conclusions: | 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.implications | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hospitalization | 7, 36, 131, 165, 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.hospitalization. | 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.misclassification | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Background/Objectives: | 0 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5065830713 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 7 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I1285301757 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.7799999713897705 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Reduced inequalities |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.06466612 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |