Utilizing Cob–Earth and Sand-Filled Plastic Bottles to Address Environmental Challenges: A Sustainable Construction Solution Article Swipe
Mayar M. Khairy
,
Zeinab Ahmed
,
Ahmed Abodonya
,
Omar El-Kadi
,
Khaled Tarabieh
,
Khaled Nassar
,
E.Y. Sayed-Ahmed
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156784
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156784
The construction industry is a major contributor to global carbon emissions, primarily due to its reliance on cement-based materials. Simultaneously, plastic bottle waste presents a significant environmental challenge. This study aims to address both issues by exploring the integration of plastic bottle waste into cob–earth materials as a sustainable alternative to traditional concrete modules. The research involves testing various mixes with plastic bottles arranged in different patterns to assess their load-bearing capacity and distribution. The cob mix with bottles arranged in a modified pattern demonstrated the highest load resistance, bearing over 47.1 kN, making it suitable for prototype development. The study also investigates the potential of using cob as an exterior finishing layer, reducing the need for cement. The results show that using local earth materials significantly lowers embodied carbon, offering a more sustainable construction solution. This approach helps mitigate plastic waste and supports climate resilience by promoting low-carbon, locally sourced materials, aligning with Egypt’s national sustainability commitments.
Related Topics
Concepts
Sustainability
Bottle
Environmental science
Carbon footprint
Plastic bottle
Waste management
Sustainable development
Resilience (materials science)
Civil engineering
Embodied energy
Engineering
Greenhouse gas
Materials science
Geology
Mechanical engineering
Ecology
Oceanography
Biology
Composite material
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156784
- OA Status
- gold
- References
- 10
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4412711553
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4412711553Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156784Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Utilizing Cob–Earth and Sand-Filled Plastic Bottles to Address Environmental Challenges: A Sustainable Construction SolutionWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2025Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2025-07-25Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Mayar M. Khairy, Zeinab Ahmed, Ahmed Abodonya, Omar El-Kadi, Khaled Tarabieh, Khaled Nassar, E.Y. Sayed-AhmedList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156784Publisher landing page
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156784Direct OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Sustainability, Bottle, Environmental science, Carbon footprint, Plastic bottle, Waste management, Sustainable development, Resilience (materials science), Civil engineering, Embodied energy, Engineering, Greenhouse gas, Materials science, Geology, Mechanical engineering, Ecology, Oceanography, Biology, Composite materialTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
0Total citation count in OpenAlex
- References (count)
-
10Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4412711553 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156784 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156784 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4412711553 |
| fwci | 0.0 |
| type | article |
| title | Utilizing Cob–Earth and Sand-Filled Plastic Bottles to Address Environmental Challenges: A Sustainable Construction Solution |
| biblio.issue | 15 |
| biblio.volume | 17 |
| biblio.last_page | 6784 |
| biblio.first_page | 6784 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T12190 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[0].score | 0.9955000281333923 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2215 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Building and Construction |
| topics[0].display_name | Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T11847 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[1].score | 0.9674000144004822 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2215 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Building and Construction |
| topics[1].display_name | Recycled Aggregate Concrete Performance |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T10687 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Engineering |
| topics[2].score | 0.9581000208854675 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2205 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Civil and Structural Engineering |
| topics[2].display_name | Innovative concrete reinforcement materials |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2200 |
| apc_list.currency | CHF |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2382 |
| apc_paid.value | 2200 |
| apc_paid.currency | CHF |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 2382 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C66204764 |
| concepts[0].level | 2 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.6533898115158081 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q219416 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Sustainability |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C32236832 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.5539256930351257 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80228 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Bottle |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C39432304 |
| concepts[2].level | 0 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.5210016369819641 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Environmental science |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C2780936489 |
| concepts[3].level | 3 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5090829730033875 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q310667 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Carbon footprint |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C2910190658 |
| concepts[4].level | 3 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.49899816513061523 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1757946 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Plastic bottle |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C548081761 |
| concepts[5].level | 1 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.4986228942871094 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180388 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Waste management |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C552854447 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4944770336151123 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131201 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Sustainable development |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C2779585090 |
| concepts[7].level | 2 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.48607566952705383 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3457762 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Resilience (materials science) |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C147176958 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.4409097731113434 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77590 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Civil engineering |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C202702835 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.4336041212081909 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1153531 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Embodied energy |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C127413603 |
| concepts[10].level | 0 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.3746510446071625 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Engineering |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C47737302 |
| concepts[11].level | 2 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.2442464530467987 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q167336 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Greenhouse gas |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C192562407 |
| concepts[12].level | 0 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.1870305836200714 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Materials science |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C127313418 |
| concepts[13].level | 0 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.10851845145225525 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Geology |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C78519656 |
| concepts[14].level | 1 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.08475777506828308 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Mechanical engineering |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C18903297 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.08105963468551636 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Ecology |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C111368507 |
| concepts[16].level | 1 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43518 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Oceanography |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[17].level | 0 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Biology |
| concepts[18].id | https://openalex.org/C159985019 |
| concepts[18].level | 1 |
| concepts[18].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[18].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790 |
| concepts[18].display_name | Composite material |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainability |
| keywords[0].score | 0.6533898115158081 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Sustainability |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/bottle |
| keywords[1].score | 0.5539256930351257 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Bottle |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science |
| keywords[2].score | 0.5210016369819641 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Environmental science |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-footprint |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5090829730033875 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Carbon footprint |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/plastic-bottle |
| keywords[4].score | 0.49899816513061523 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Plastic bottle |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/waste-management |
| keywords[5].score | 0.4986228942871094 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Waste management |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/sustainable-development |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4944770336151123 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Sustainable development |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/resilience |
| keywords[7].score | 0.48607566952705383 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Resilience (materials science) |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/civil-engineering |
| keywords[8].score | 0.4409097731113434 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Civil engineering |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/embodied-energy |
| keywords[9].score | 0.4336041212081909 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Embodied energy |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering |
| keywords[10].score | 0.3746510446071625 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Engineering |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/greenhouse-gas |
| keywords[11].score | 0.2442464530467987 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Greenhouse gas |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science |
| keywords[12].score | 0.1870305836200714 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Materials science |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/geology |
| keywords[13].score | 0.10851845145225525 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Geology |
| keywords[14].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/mechanical-engineering |
| keywords[14].score | 0.08475777506828308 |
| keywords[14].display_name | Mechanical engineering |
| keywords[15].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology |
| keywords[15].score | 0.08105963468551636 |
| keywords[15].display_name | Ecology |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3390/su17156784 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S10134376 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 2071-1050 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 2071-1050 |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Sustainability |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Sustainability |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156784 |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5000374267 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9360-0766 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Mayar M. Khairy |
| authorships[0].countries | EG |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | The Department of Construction Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cario 11835, Egypt |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0176yqn58 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | EG |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | American University in Cairo |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Mayar Khairy |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | The Department of Construction Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cario 11835, Egypt |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5091566198 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8596-3791 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Zeinab Ahmed |
| authorships[1].countries | EG |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | The Department of Construction Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cario 11835, Egypt |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0176yqn58 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | EG |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | American University in Cairo |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Zeinab Ahmed |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | The Department of Construction Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cario 11835, Egypt |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5102766290 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6992-246X |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Ahmed Abodonya |
| authorships[2].countries | EG |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | The Department of Construction Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cario 11835, Egypt |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0176yqn58 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | EG |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | American University in Cairo |
| authorships[2].author_position | middle |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Ahmed Abodonya |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | The Department of Construction Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cario 11835, Egypt |
| authorships[3].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5069255391 |
| authorships[3].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1963-9464 |
| authorships[3].author.display_name | Omar El-Kadi |
| authorships[3].countries | EG |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[3].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | The Department of Construction Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cario 11835, Egypt |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0176yqn58 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].country_code | EG |
| authorships[3].institutions[0].display_name | American University in Cairo |
| authorships[3].author_position | middle |
| authorships[3].raw_author_name | Omar Ahmed El Kadi |
| authorships[3].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[3].raw_affiliation_strings | The Department of Construction Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cario 11835, Egypt |
| authorships[4].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5065715752 |
| authorships[4].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6873-2609 |
| authorships[4].author.display_name | Khaled Tarabieh |
| authorships[4].countries | EG |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[4].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | The Department of Architecture, The American University in Cairo, Cario 11835, Egypt |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0176yqn58 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].country_code | EG |
| authorships[4].institutions[0].display_name | American University in Cairo |
| authorships[4].author_position | middle |
| authorships[4].raw_author_name | Khaled Tarabieh |
| authorships[4].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[4].raw_affiliation_strings | The Department of Architecture, The American University in Cairo, Cario 11835, Egypt |
| authorships[5].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5016334519 |
| authorships[5].author.orcid | |
| authorships[5].author.display_name | Khaled Nassar |
| authorships[5].countries | EG |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[5].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | The Department of Construction Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cario 11835, Egypt |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0176yqn58 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].country_code | EG |
| authorships[5].institutions[0].display_name | American University in Cairo |
| authorships[5].author_position | middle |
| authorships[5].raw_author_name | Khaled Nassar |
| authorships[5].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[5].raw_affiliation_strings | The Department of Construction Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cario 11835, Egypt |
| authorships[6].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5071773732 |
| authorships[6].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1416-3620 |
| authorships[6].author.display_name | E.Y. Sayed-Ahmed |
| authorships[6].countries | EG |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[6].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | The Department of Construction Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cario 11835, Egypt |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/0176yqn58 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].country_code | EG |
| authorships[6].institutions[0].display_name | American University in Cairo |
| authorships[6].author_position | last |
| authorships[6].raw_author_name | Ezzeldin Yazeed Sayed-Ahmed |
| authorships[6].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[6].raw_affiliation_strings | The Department of Construction Engineering, The American University in Cairo, Cario 11835, Egypt |
| has_content.pdf | False |
| has_content.grobid_xml | False |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156784 |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Utilizing Cob–Earth and Sand-Filled Plastic Bottles to Address Environmental Challenges: A Sustainable Construction Solution |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T12190 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/22 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Engineering |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9955000281333923 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2215 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Building and Construction |
| primary_topic.display_name | Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W3196004563, https://openalex.org/W2128464024, https://openalex.org/W4387486946, https://openalex.org/W2379011233, https://openalex.org/W4384660964, https://openalex.org/W2350981912, https://openalex.org/W2163157142, https://openalex.org/W4396622177, https://openalex.org/W2551277791, https://openalex.org/W2376017826 |
| cited_by_count | 0 |
| locations_count | 1 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3390/su17156784 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S10134376 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 2071-1050 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 2071-1050 |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Sustainability |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Sustainability |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156784 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3390/su17156784 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S10134376 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 2071-1050 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 2071-1050 |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Sustainability |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310310987 |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Sustainability |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3390/su17156784 |
| publication_date | 2025-07-25 |
| publication_year | 2025 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W3010289443, https://openalex.org/W4410600939, https://openalex.org/W1999850621, https://openalex.org/W2561379539, https://openalex.org/W6686547037, https://openalex.org/W2558357413, https://openalex.org/W3105277176, https://openalex.org/W3162706740, https://openalex.org/W2017813671, https://openalex.org/W2188057744 |
| referenced_works_count | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 4, 24, 47, 81, 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.an | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 46, 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 35, 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 64, 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 3 |
| abstract_inverted_index.it | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 39, 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 7, 13, 31, 50, 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 0, 54, 74, 99, 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 72, 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cob | 75, 107 |
| abstract_inverted_index.due | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 96, 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.its | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.kN, | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mix | 76 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 37, 85, 103, 114 |
| abstract_inverted_index.47.1 | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 28, 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aims | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.both | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.into | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.load | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.need | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.over | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.show | 120 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 60, 77, 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.earth | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.helps | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.local | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.major | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mixes | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 29, 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 69 |
| abstract_inverted_index.using | 106, 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.waste | 22, 42, 141 |
| abstract_inverted_index.assess | 68 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bottle | 21, 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.carbon | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.global | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.issues | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.layer, | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lowers | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.making | 93 |
| abstract_inverted_index.address | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bearing | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bottles | 62, 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.carbon, | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cement. | 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.climate | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highest | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.locally | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pattern | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plastic | 20, 40, 61, 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sourced | 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.testing | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.various | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aligning | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.approach | 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.arranged | 63, 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.capacity | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.concrete | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.embodied | 128 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exterior | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.industry | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.involves | 56 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mitigate | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modified | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.modules. | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.national | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.offering | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.patterns | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.presents | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reducing | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reliance | 15 |
| abstract_inverted_index.research | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suitable | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.supports | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Egypt’s | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exploring | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.finishing | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.materials | 45, 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potential | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.primarily | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.promoting | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.prototype | 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.solution. | 135 |
| abstract_inverted_index.challenge. | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.emissions, | 10 |
| abstract_inverted_index.materials, | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.materials. | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resilience | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.alternative | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cob–earth | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contributor | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.integration | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.low-carbon, | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resistance, | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significant | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sustainable | 48, 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.traditional | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cement-based | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.commitments. | 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.construction | 1, 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demonstrated | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.development. | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigates | 102 |
| abstract_inverted_index.load-bearing | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.distribution. | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environmental | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.significantly | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sustainability | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Simultaneously, | 19 |
| cited_by_percentile_year | |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5071773732 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 7 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I80693520 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.36537701 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | False |