What Do We Know About Cryptococcus spp. in Portugal? One Health Systematic Review in a Comprehensive 13-Year Retrospective Study (2013–2025) Article Swipe
Ricardo Lopes
,
Andreia Garcês
,
Hugo Lima de Carvalho
,
Vanessa Silva
,
Filipe Sampaio
,
Cátia Fernandes
,
G. O. V. de Barros
,
Alexandre Sardinha de Brito
,
Ana Rita Silva
,
Elsa Leclerc Duarte
,
Luı́s Cardoso
,
Ana Cláudia Coelho
·
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090672
YOU?
·
· 2025
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jof11090672
Cryptococcosis, caused by the Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii species complexes (pathogenic Cryptococcus spp.), is an environmentally acquired mycosis of One Health relevance. This study integrates a PRISMA-compliant systematic review (2000–2025) of Portuguese animal, human, and environmental reports with a 13-year retrospective dataset of laboratory-confirmed veterinary cryptococcosis cases (2013–2025). Clinical specimens were cultured and identified by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and associations were assessed using χ2 and Fisher’s exact tests. Of 1059 submissions, 48 (4.5%) were culture-positive: 6.8% of canine, 5.3% of feline samples, and 4.0% of avian samples, with no detections in other vertebrate groups (p = 0.705). Cryptococcus neoformans predominated in carnivores (73.7%), while Papiliotrema laurentii (formerly Cryptococcus laurentii) was most frequent in birds (86.2%). Infection was not associated with sex or age. Seasonality was evident, with a July peak and summer predominance (p = 0.010). Most cases were from the Centre region (62.5%), with significant regional variation of Cryptococcus spp. distribution (p < 0.001). The systematic review confirmed autochthonous C. gattii complex disease and widespread C. neoformans contamination in pigeon guano and arboreal niches. These findings demonstrate a compartmentalised eco-epidemiology, reinforcing the need for integrated molecular typing, antifungal susceptibility testing, and coordinated human–animal–environment surveillance to inform targeted prevention and control strategies in Portugal.
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What Do We Know About Cryptococcus spp. in Portugal? One Health Systematic Review in a Comprehensive 13-Year Retrospective Study (2013–2025)Work title
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reviewOpenAlex work type
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enPrimary language
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2025Year of publication
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2025-09-12Full publication date if available
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Ricardo Lopes, Andreia Garcês, Hugo Lima de Carvalho, Vanessa Silva, Filipe Sampaio, Cátia Fernandes, G. O. V. de Barros, Alexandre Sardinha de Brito, Ana Rita Silva, Elsa Leclerc Duarte, Luı́s Cardoso, Ana Cláudia CoelhoList of authors in order
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0Total citation count in OpenAlex
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51Number of works referenced by this work
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