When Boundaries Collide Article Swipe
YOU?
·
· 2017
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx001
Scholars have long merged election and census geography to correlate census demographics and election results to infer political behavior (Ogburn and Goltra 1919; Gosnell and Gill 1935; Key 1949). Increasing accessibility of geospatially defined election data provides a valuable tool to understanding voting behavior in the United States at geographic levels unavailable to previous scholars. Here, we describe these data and examine four methods to merge spatial data when precinct and census boundaries are non-conforming: areal weighting, dasymetric mapping, point kriging, and kriging-based areal interpolation. Through a case study of sixteen states and the District of Columbia, we find that dasymetric mapping—a method that uses external data to construct more accurate and realistic weights for areal weighting, in this case the National Land Cover Database—is the best method to estimate demographic characteristics of precincts when census block boundaries do not conform to precinct boundaries. We apply dasymetric mapping to generate a publicly available national database of merged election results and census data for precincts.
Related Topics
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx001
- https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-pdf/81/S1/385/13942323/nfx001.pdf
- OA Status
- bronze
- Cited By
- 30
- References
- 21
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W2609173766
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W2609173766Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx001Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
When Boundaries CollideWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2017Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2017-01-01Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Brian Amos, Michael P. McDonald, Russell WatkinsList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx001Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-pdf/81/S1/385/13942323/nfx001.pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
bronzeOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-pdf/81/S1/385/13942323/nfx001.pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Census, Precinct, Geography, Weighting, Voting, Geospatial analysis, Cartography, Computer science, Data science, Politics, Political science, Population, Demography, Archaeology, Medicine, Radiology, Law, SociologyTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
30Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 2, 2024: 7, 2023: 7, 2022: 4, 2021: 4Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
21Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W2609173766 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx001 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx001 |
| ids.mag | 2609173766 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W2609173766 |
| fwci | 4.87154254 |
| type | article |
| title | When Boundaries Collide |
| biblio.issue | S1 |
| biblio.volume | 81 |
| biblio.last_page | 400 |
| biblio.first_page | 385 |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T11645 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[0].score | 0.9904000163078308 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3312 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Sociology and Political Science |
| topics[0].display_name | Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T10108 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[1].score | 0.9871000051498413 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3320 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Political Science and International Relations |
| topics[1].display_name | Electoral Systems and Political Participation |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11911 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/20 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Economics, Econometrics and Finance |
| topics[2].score | 0.9858999848365784 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/2002 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Economics and Econometrics |
| topics[2].display_name | Spatial and Panel Data Analysis |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 3635 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 3635 |
| apc_paid | |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C52130261 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.8253421187400818 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39825 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Census |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C2776442119 |
| concepts[1].level | 2 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.6754257678985596 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q92785642 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Precinct |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C205649164 |
| concepts[2].level | 0 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.655879020690918 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Geography |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C183115368 |
| concepts[3].level | 2 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.5125067234039307 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q856577 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Weighting |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C520049643 |
| concepts[4].level | 3 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.4543527662754059 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189760 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Voting |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C9770341 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.43595921993255615 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1938983 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Geospatial analysis |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C58640448 |
| concepts[6].level | 1 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4318191111087799 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42515 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Cartography |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C41008148 |
| concepts[7].level | 0 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.3398796021938324 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Computer science |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C2522767166 |
| concepts[8].level | 1 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.3336694538593292 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Data science |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C94625758 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.20853930711746216 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Politics |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C17744445 |
| concepts[10].level | 0 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.13186940550804138 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Political science |
| concepts[11].id | https://openalex.org/C2908647359 |
| concepts[11].level | 2 |
| concepts[11].score | 0.124234139919281 |
| concepts[11].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603 |
| concepts[11].display_name | Population |
| concepts[12].id | https://openalex.org/C149923435 |
| concepts[12].level | 1 |
| concepts[12].score | 0.10642102360725403 |
| concepts[12].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732 |
| concepts[12].display_name | Demography |
| concepts[13].id | https://openalex.org/C166957645 |
| concepts[13].level | 1 |
| concepts[13].score | 0.08551126718521118 |
| concepts[13].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498 |
| concepts[13].display_name | Archaeology |
| concepts[14].id | https://openalex.org/C71924100 |
| concepts[14].level | 0 |
| concepts[14].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[14].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190 |
| concepts[14].display_name | Medicine |
| concepts[15].id | https://openalex.org/C126838900 |
| concepts[15].level | 1 |
| concepts[15].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[15].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604 |
| concepts[15].display_name | Radiology |
| concepts[16].id | https://openalex.org/C199539241 |
| concepts[16].level | 1 |
| concepts[16].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[16].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748 |
| concepts[16].display_name | Law |
| concepts[17].id | https://openalex.org/C144024400 |
| concepts[17].level | 0 |
| concepts[17].score | 0.0 |
| concepts[17].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201 |
| concepts[17].display_name | Sociology |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/census |
| keywords[0].score | 0.8253421187400818 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Census |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/precinct |
| keywords[1].score | 0.6754257678985596 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Precinct |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/geography |
| keywords[2].score | 0.655879020690918 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Geography |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/weighting |
| keywords[3].score | 0.5125067234039307 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Weighting |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/voting |
| keywords[4].score | 0.4543527662754059 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Voting |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/geospatial-analysis |
| keywords[5].score | 0.43595921993255615 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Geospatial analysis |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/cartography |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4318191111087799 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Cartography |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science |
| keywords[7].score | 0.3398796021938324 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Computer science |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science |
| keywords[8].score | 0.3336694538593292 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Data science |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/politics |
| keywords[9].score | 0.20853930711746216 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Politics |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science |
| keywords[10].score | 0.13186940550804138 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Political science |
| keywords[11].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/population |
| keywords[11].score | 0.124234139919281 |
| keywords[11].display_name | Population |
| keywords[12].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/demography |
| keywords[12].score | 0.10642102360725403 |
| keywords[12].display_name | Demography |
| keywords[13].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/archaeology |
| keywords[13].score | 0.08551126718521118 |
| keywords[13].display_name | Archaeology |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.1093/poq/nfx001 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S135539873 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 0033-362X, 1537-5331 |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 0033-362X |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Public Opinion Quarterly |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310311648 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Oxford University Press |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310311648, https://openalex.org/P4310311647 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage_names | Oxford University Press, University of Oxford |
| locations[0].license | |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-pdf/81/S1/385/13942323/nfx001.pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Public Opinion Quarterly |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx001 |
| indexed_in | crossref |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5007899482 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3282-1351 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Brian Amos |
| authorships[0].countries | US |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I33213144 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Brian Amos is a PhD candidate in the Political Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Michael P. McDonald is an associate professor in the Political Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Russell Watkins is a geographer in the Shimberg Center for Housing Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I33213144 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02y3ad647 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I33213144 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | University of Florida |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Brian Amos |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Brian Amos is a PhD candidate in the Political Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Michael P. McDonald is an associate professor in the Political Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Russell Watkins is a geographer in the Shimberg Center for Housing Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5051210173 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3717-4405 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Michael P. McDonald |
| authorships[1].countries | US |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I33213144 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Brian Amos is a PhD candidate in the Political Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Michael P. McDonald is an associate professor in the Political Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Russell Watkins is a geographer in the Shimberg Center for Housing Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I33213144 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02y3ad647 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I33213144 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | University of Florida |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Michael P. McDonald |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Brian Amos is a PhD candidate in the Political Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Michael P. McDonald is an associate professor in the Political Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Russell Watkins is a geographer in the Shimberg Center for Housing Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5058248195 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Russell Watkins |
| authorships[2].countries | US |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I33213144 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Brian Amos is a PhD candidate in the Political Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Michael P. McDonald is an associate professor in the Political Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Russell Watkins is a geographer in the Shimberg Center for Housing Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I33213144 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/02y3ad647 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I33213144 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | US |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | University of Florida |
| authorships[2].author_position | last |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Russell Watkins |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Brian Amos is a PhD candidate in the Political Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Michael P. McDonald is an associate professor in the Political Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. Russell Watkins is a geographer in the Shimberg Center for Housing Studies, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA. |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-pdf/81/S1/385/13942323/nfx001.pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | bronze |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2025-10-10T00:00:00 |
| display_name | When Boundaries Collide |
| has_fulltext | False |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T11645 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/33 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Social Sciences |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9904000163078308 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/2 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Social Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/3312 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Sociology and Political Science |
| primary_topic.display_name | Urban, Neighborhood, and Segregation Studies |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W2564189078, https://openalex.org/W2909513507, https://openalex.org/W2915761669, https://openalex.org/W2910070456, https://openalex.org/W2322067949, https://openalex.org/W2909843821, https://openalex.org/W2910892129, https://openalex.org/W2917171363, https://openalex.org/W2909498625, https://openalex.org/W2979281417 |
| cited_by_count | 30 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 7 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 7 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2022 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[4].year | 2021 |
| counts_by_year[4].cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[5].year | 2020 |
| counts_by_year[5].cited_by_count | 4 |
| counts_by_year[6].year | 2019 |
| counts_by_year[6].cited_by_count | 1 |
| counts_by_year[7].year | 2018 |
| counts_by_year[7].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 1 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.1093/poq/nfx001 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S135539873 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 0033-362X, 1537-5331 |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | False |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 0033-362X |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Public Opinion Quarterly |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310311648 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Oxford University Press |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310311648, https://openalex.org/P4310311647 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Oxford University Press, University of Oxford |
| best_oa_location.license | |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-pdf/81/S1/385/13942323/nfx001.pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Public Opinion Quarterly |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx001 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.1093/poq/nfx001 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S135539873 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 0033-362X, 1537-5331 |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | False |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 0033-362X |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | False |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Public Opinion Quarterly |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310311648 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Oxford University Press |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310311648, https://openalex.org/P4310311647 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage_names | Oxford University Press, University of Oxford |
| primary_location.license | |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://academic.oup.com/poq/article-pdf/81/S1/385/13942323/nfx001.pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Public Opinion Quarterly |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.1093/poq/nfx001 |
| publication_date | 2017-01-01 |
| publication_year | 2017 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2750263921, https://openalex.org/W1985725498, https://openalex.org/W2312824248, https://openalex.org/W1983911263, https://openalex.org/W2396871564, https://openalex.org/W2027544139, https://openalex.org/W1885315321, https://openalex.org/W2134950486, https://openalex.org/W2010210210, https://openalex.org/W2261554837, https://openalex.org/W2328955784, https://openalex.org/W2333433704, https://openalex.org/W3121826662, https://openalex.org/W2156992966, https://openalex.org/W2026403332, https://openalex.org/W1977578104, https://openalex.org/W2002339444, https://openalex.org/W2199321793, https://openalex.org/W1098180, https://openalex.org/W2319964564, https://openalex.org/W2078646629 |
| referenced_works_count | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 37, 86, 150 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.at | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.do | 138 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 44, 117 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 31, 89, 95, 132, 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 8, 15, 40, 52, 64, 107, 128, 141, 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.we | 56, 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Key | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 5, 12, 20, 24, 60, 70, 81, 92, 111, 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 73 |
| abstract_inverted_index.for | 114, 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 139 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 45, 93, 120, 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Gill | 25 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Land | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.best | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.case | 87, 119 |
| abstract_inverted_index.data | 35, 59, 67, 106, 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.find | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.four | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 1 |
| abstract_inverted_index.long | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.more | 109 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 99, 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.this | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tool | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.uses | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.when | 68, 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1919; | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1935; | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Cover | 123 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Here, | 55 |
| abstract_inverted_index.apply | 145 |
| abstract_inverted_index.areal | 75, 83, 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.block | 136 |
| abstract_inverted_index.infer | 16 |
| abstract_inverted_index.merge | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.point | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.study | 88 |
| abstract_inverted_index.these | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.1949). | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Goltra | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.States | 47 |
| abstract_inverted_index.United | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.census | 6, 10, 71, 135, 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.levels | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.merged | 3, 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.method | 102, 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.states | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.voting | 42 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(Ogburn | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Gosnell | 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Through | 85 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conform | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.defined | 33 |
| abstract_inverted_index.examine | 61 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mapping | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methods | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 14, 158 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sixteen | 90 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spatial | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.weights | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.District | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.National | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Scholars | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accurate | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.behavior | 18, 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.database | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.describe | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.election | 4, 13, 34, 157 |
| abstract_inverted_index.estimate | 129 |
| abstract_inverted_index.external | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.generate | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.kriging, | 80 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mapping, | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.national | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.precinct | 69, 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.previous | 53 |
| abstract_inverted_index.provides | 36 |
| abstract_inverted_index.publicly | 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.valuable | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Columbia, | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.available | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.construct | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.correlate | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.geography | 7 |
| abstract_inverted_index.political | 17 |
| abstract_inverted_index.precincts | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.realistic | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scholars. | 54 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Increasing | 29 |
| abstract_inverted_index.boundaries | 72, 137 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dasymetric | 77, 100, 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.geographic | 49 |
| abstract_inverted_index.precincts. | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.weighting, | 76, 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.boundaries. | 143 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demographic | 130 |
| abstract_inverted_index.mapping—a | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unavailable | 51 |
| abstract_inverted_index.demographics | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.geospatially | 32 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Database—is | 124 |
| abstract_inverted_index.accessibility | 30 |
| abstract_inverted_index.kriging-based | 82 |
| abstract_inverted_index.understanding | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.interpolation. | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characteristics | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.non-conforming: | 74 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 90 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 3 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.94246687 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |