Zygospores of the green alga Spirogyra: new insights from structural and chemical imaging Article Swipe
Charlotte Permann
,
Notburga Gierlinger
,
Andreas Holzinger
·
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111
YOU?
·
· 2022
· Open Access
·
· DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111
Zygnematophyceae, a class of streptophyte green algae and sister group to land plants (Embryophytes) live in aquatic to semi-terrestrial habitats. The transition from aquatic to terrestrial environments requires adaptations in the physiology of vegetative cells and in the structural properties of their cell walls. Sexual reproduction occurs in Zygnematophyceae by conjugation and results in the formation of zygospores, possessing unique multi-layered cell walls, which might have been crucial in terrestrialization. We investigated the structure and chemical composition of field sampled Spirogyra sp. zygospore cell walls by multiple microscopical and spectral imaging techniques: light microscopy, confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission electron microscopy following high pressure freeze fixation/freeze substitution, Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. This comprehensive analysis allowed the detection of the subcellular organization and showed three main layers of the zygospore wall, termed endo-, meso- and exospore. The endo- and exospore are composed of polysaccharides with different ultrastructural appearance, whereas the electron dense middle layer contains aromatic compounds as further characterized by Raman spectroscopy. The possible chemical composition remains elusive, but algaenan or a sporopollenin-like material is suggested. Similar compounds with a non-hydrolysable character can be found in moss spores and pollen of higher plants, suggesting a protective function against desiccation stress and high irradiation. While the tripartite differentiation of the zygospore wall is well established in Zygnematopyhceae, Spirogyra showed cellulose fibrils arranged in a helicoidal pattern in the endo- and exospore. Initial incorporation of lipid bodies during early zygospore wall formation was also observed, suggesting a key role of lipids in zygospore wall synthesis. Multimodal imaging revealed that the cell wall of the sexually formed zygospores possess a highly complex internal structure as well as aromatics, likely acting as protective compounds and leading to impregnation. Both, the newly discovered special three-dimensional arrangement of microfibrils and the integration of highly resistant components in the cell wall are not found in the vegetative state. The variety of methods gave a comprehensive view on the intricate zygospore cell wall and its potential key role in the terrestrial colonization and plant evolution is discussed.
Related Topics
Concepts
Metadata
- Type
- article
- Language
- en
- Landing Page
- https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111
- https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111/pdf
- OA Status
- gold
- Cited By
- 18
- References
- 83
- Related Works
- 10
- OpenAlex ID
- https://openalex.org/W4310866760
All OpenAlex metadata
Raw OpenAlex JSON
- OpenAlex ID
-
https://openalex.org/W4310866760Canonical identifier for this work in OpenAlex
- DOI
-
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111Digital Object Identifier
- Title
-
Zygospores of the green alga Spirogyra: new insights from structural and chemical imagingWork title
- Type
-
articleOpenAlex work type
- Language
-
enPrimary language
- Publication year
-
2022Year of publication
- Publication date
-
2022-12-06Full publication date if available
- Authors
-
Charlotte Permann, Notburga Gierlinger, Andreas HolzingerList of authors in order
- Landing page
-
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111Publisher landing page
- PDF URL
-
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111/pdfDirect link to full text PDF
- Open access
-
YesWhether a free full text is available
- OA status
-
goldOpen access status per OpenAlex
- OA URL
-
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111/pdfDirect OA link when available
- Concepts
-
Sporopollenin, Spirogyra, Cell wall, Biology, Botany, Ultrastructure, Desiccation, Biophysics, Plasmodesma, Algae, PollenTop concepts (fields/topics) attached by OpenAlex
- Cited by
-
18Total citation count in OpenAlex
- Citations by year (recent)
-
2025: 2, 2024: 10, 2023: 5, 2013: 1Per-year citation counts (last 5 years)
- References (count)
-
83Number of works referenced by this work
- Related works (count)
-
10Other works algorithmically related by OpenAlex
Full payload
| id | https://openalex.org/W4310866760 |
|---|---|
| doi | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111 |
| ids.doi | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111 |
| ids.pmid | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36561459 |
| ids.openalex | https://openalex.org/W4310866760 |
| fwci | 3.99922799 |
| type | article |
| title | Zygospores of the green alga Spirogyra: new insights from structural and chemical imaging |
| biblio.issue | |
| biblio.volume | 13 |
| biblio.last_page | 1080111 |
| biblio.first_page | 1080111 |
| grants[0].funder | https://openalex.org/F4320321181 |
| grants[0].award_id | P34181-B, Y-728-B16 |
| grants[0].funder_display_name | Austrian Science Fund |
| topics[0].id | https://openalex.org/T10643 |
| topics[0].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
| topics[0].field.display_name | Earth and Planetary Sciences |
| topics[0].score | 0.9994000196456909 |
| topics[0].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| topics[0].domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| topics[0].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1910 |
| topics[0].subfield.display_name | Oceanography |
| topics[0].display_name | Marine and coastal plant biology |
| topics[1].id | https://openalex.org/T12832 |
| topics[1].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
| topics[1].field.display_name | Agricultural and Biological Sciences |
| topics[1].score | 0.9987000226974487 |
| topics[1].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[1].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[1].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1105 |
| topics[1].subfield.display_name | Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics |
| topics[1].display_name | Biocrusts and Microbial Ecology |
| topics[2].id | https://openalex.org/T11528 |
| topics[2].field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/11 |
| topics[2].field.display_name | Agricultural and Biological Sciences |
| topics[2].score | 0.998199999332428 |
| topics[2].domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/1 |
| topics[2].domain.display_name | Life Sciences |
| topics[2].subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1105 |
| topics[2].subfield.display_name | Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics |
| topics[2].display_name | Lichen and fungal ecology |
| funders[0].id | https://openalex.org/F4320321181 |
| funders[0].ror | https://ror.org/013tf3c58 |
| funders[0].display_name | Austrian Science Fund |
| is_xpac | False |
| apc_list.value | 2950 |
| apc_list.currency | USD |
| apc_list.value_usd | 2950 |
| apc_paid.value | 3305 |
| apc_paid.currency | EUR |
| apc_paid.value_usd | 3564 |
| concepts[0].id | https://openalex.org/C167196801 |
| concepts[0].level | 3 |
| concepts[0].score | 0.9333304166793823 |
| concepts[0].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1067743 |
| concepts[0].display_name | Sporopollenin |
| concepts[1].id | https://openalex.org/C2781431093 |
| concepts[1].level | 3 |
| concepts[1].score | 0.8323490619659424 |
| concepts[1].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q148710 |
| concepts[1].display_name | Spirogyra |
| concepts[2].id | https://openalex.org/C125235067 |
| concepts[2].level | 2 |
| concepts[2].score | 0.6276637315750122 |
| concepts[2].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128700 |
| concepts[2].display_name | Cell wall |
| concepts[3].id | https://openalex.org/C86803240 |
| concepts[3].level | 0 |
| concepts[3].score | 0.624398410320282 |
| concepts[3].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420 |
| concepts[3].display_name | Biology |
| concepts[4].id | https://openalex.org/C59822182 |
| concepts[4].level | 1 |
| concepts[4].score | 0.5386111736297607 |
| concepts[4].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441 |
| concepts[4].display_name | Botany |
| concepts[5].id | https://openalex.org/C87555872 |
| concepts[5].level | 2 |
| concepts[5].score | 0.5219401717185974 |
| concepts[5].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3141316 |
| concepts[5].display_name | Ultrastructure |
| concepts[6].id | https://openalex.org/C50402729 |
| concepts[6].level | 2 |
| concepts[6].score | 0.4929320812225342 |
| concepts[6].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903071 |
| concepts[6].display_name | Desiccation |
| concepts[7].id | https://openalex.org/C12554922 |
| concepts[7].level | 1 |
| concepts[7].score | 0.4831806719303131 |
| concepts[7].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7100 |
| concepts[7].display_name | Biophysics |
| concepts[8].id | https://openalex.org/C169727747 |
| concepts[8].level | 3 |
| concepts[8].score | 0.42015784978866577 |
| concepts[8].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134046 |
| concepts[8].display_name | Plasmodesma |
| concepts[9].id | https://openalex.org/C559758991 |
| concepts[9].level | 2 |
| concepts[9].score | 0.3449671268463135 |
| concepts[9].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37868 |
| concepts[9].display_name | Algae |
| concepts[10].id | https://openalex.org/C2780618852 |
| concepts[10].level | 2 |
| concepts[10].score | 0.172231525182724 |
| concepts[10].wikidata | https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79932 |
| concepts[10].display_name | Pollen |
| keywords[0].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/sporopollenin |
| keywords[0].score | 0.9333304166793823 |
| keywords[0].display_name | Sporopollenin |
| keywords[1].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/spirogyra |
| keywords[1].score | 0.8323490619659424 |
| keywords[1].display_name | Spirogyra |
| keywords[2].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/cell-wall |
| keywords[2].score | 0.6276637315750122 |
| keywords[2].display_name | Cell wall |
| keywords[3].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/biology |
| keywords[3].score | 0.624398410320282 |
| keywords[3].display_name | Biology |
| keywords[4].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/botany |
| keywords[4].score | 0.5386111736297607 |
| keywords[4].display_name | Botany |
| keywords[5].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrastructure |
| keywords[5].score | 0.5219401717185974 |
| keywords[5].display_name | Ultrastructure |
| keywords[6].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/desiccation |
| keywords[6].score | 0.4929320812225342 |
| keywords[6].display_name | Desiccation |
| keywords[7].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/biophysics |
| keywords[7].score | 0.4831806719303131 |
| keywords[7].display_name | Biophysics |
| keywords[8].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/plasmodesma |
| keywords[8].score | 0.42015784978866577 |
| keywords[8].display_name | Plasmodesma |
| keywords[9].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/algae |
| keywords[9].score | 0.3449671268463135 |
| keywords[9].display_name | Algae |
| keywords[10].id | https://openalex.org/keywords/pollen |
| keywords[10].score | 0.172231525182724 |
| keywords[10].display_name | Pollen |
| language | en |
| locations[0].id | doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111 |
| locations[0].is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2493613807 |
| locations[0].source.issn | 1664-462X |
| locations[0].source.type | journal |
| locations[0].source.is_oa | True |
| locations[0].source.issn_l | 1664-462X |
| locations[0].source.is_core | True |
| locations[0].source.is_in_doaj | True |
| locations[0].source.display_name | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| locations[0].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320527 |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_name | Frontiers Media |
| locations[0].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320527 |
| locations[0].license | cc-by |
| locations[0].pdf_url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111/pdf |
| locations[0].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[0].raw_type | journal-article |
| locations[0].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| locations[0].is_accepted | True |
| locations[0].is_published | True |
| locations[0].raw_source_name | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| locations[0].landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111 |
| locations[1].id | pmid:36561459 |
| locations[1].is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306525036 |
| locations[1].source.issn | |
| locations[1].source.type | repository |
| locations[1].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[1].source.issn_l | |
| locations[1].source.is_core | False |
| locations[1].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[1].source.display_name | PubMed |
| locations[1].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[1].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[1].license | |
| locations[1].pdf_url | |
| locations[1].version | publishedVersion |
| locations[1].raw_type | |
| locations[1].license_id | |
| locations[1].is_accepted | True |
| locations[1].is_published | True |
| locations[1].raw_source_name | Frontiers in plant science |
| locations[1].landing_page_url | https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36561459 |
| locations[2].id | pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:99e0e6a23c6d4faf9350b4a6ed317b65 |
| locations[2].is_oa | True |
| locations[2].source.id | https://openalex.org/S4306401280 |
| locations[2].source.issn | |
| locations[2].source.type | repository |
| locations[2].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[2].source.issn_l | |
| locations[2].source.is_core | False |
| locations[2].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[2].source.display_name | DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) |
| locations[2].source.host_organization | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_name | |
| locations[2].source.host_organization_lineage | |
| locations[2].license | cc-by-sa |
| locations[2].pdf_url | |
| locations[2].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[2].raw_type | article |
| locations[2].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa |
| locations[2].is_accepted | False |
| locations[2].is_published | False |
| locations[2].raw_source_name | Frontiers in Plant Science, Vol 13 (2022) |
| locations[2].landing_page_url | https://doaj.org/article/99e0e6a23c6d4faf9350b4a6ed317b65 |
| locations[3].id | pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:9763465 |
| locations[3].is_oa | True |
| locations[3].source.id | https://openalex.org/S2764455111 |
| locations[3].source.issn | |
| locations[3].source.type | repository |
| locations[3].source.is_oa | False |
| locations[3].source.issn_l | |
| locations[3].source.is_core | False |
| locations[3].source.is_in_doaj | False |
| locations[3].source.display_name | PubMed Central |
| locations[3].source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_name | National Institutes of Health |
| locations[3].source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/I1299303238 |
| locations[3].license | other-oa |
| locations[3].pdf_url | |
| locations[3].version | submittedVersion |
| locations[3].raw_type | Text |
| locations[3].license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa |
| locations[3].is_accepted | False |
| locations[3].is_published | False |
| locations[3].raw_source_name | Front Plant Sci |
| locations[3].landing_page_url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/9763465 |
| indexed_in | crossref, doaj, pubmed |
| authorships[0].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5025961502 |
| authorships[0].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-6053 |
| authorships[0].author.display_name | Charlotte Permann |
| authorships[0].countries | AT |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I190249584 |
| authorships[0].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Functional Plant Biology, Innsbruck, Austria |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I190249584 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/054pv6659 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I190249584 |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].country_code | AT |
| authorships[0].institutions[0].display_name | Universität Innsbruck |
| authorships[0].author_position | first |
| authorships[0].raw_author_name | Charlotte Permann |
| authorships[0].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[0].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Functional Plant Biology, Innsbruck, Austria |
| authorships[1].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5042267372 |
| authorships[1].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3699-9931 |
| authorships[1].author.display_name | Notburga Gierlinger |
| authorships[1].countries | AT |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I92869138 |
| authorships[1].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I92869138 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/057ff4y42 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I92869138 |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].country_code | AT |
| authorships[1].institutions[0].display_name | BOKU University |
| authorships[1].author_position | middle |
| authorships[1].raw_author_name | Notburga Gierlinger |
| authorships[1].is_corresponding | False |
| authorships[1].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), Vienna, Austria |
| authorships[2].author.id | https://openalex.org/A5078919884 |
| authorships[2].author.orcid | https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7745-3978 |
| authorships[2].author.display_name | Andreas Holzinger |
| authorships[2].countries | AT |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I190249584 |
| authorships[2].affiliations[0].raw_affiliation_string | Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Functional Plant Biology, Innsbruck, Austria |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].id | https://openalex.org/I190249584 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].ror | https://ror.org/054pv6659 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].type | education |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].lineage | https://openalex.org/I190249584 |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].country_code | AT |
| authorships[2].institutions[0].display_name | Universität Innsbruck |
| authorships[2].author_position | last |
| authorships[2].raw_author_name | Andreas Holzinger |
| authorships[2].is_corresponding | True |
| authorships[2].raw_affiliation_strings | Department of Botany, University of Innsbruck, Functional Plant Biology, Innsbruck, Austria |
| has_content.pdf | True |
| has_content.grobid_xml | True |
| is_paratext | False |
| open_access.is_oa | True |
| open_access.oa_url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111/pdf |
| open_access.oa_status | gold |
| open_access.any_repository_has_fulltext | False |
| created_date | 2022-12-19T00:00:00 |
| display_name | Zygospores of the green alga Spirogyra: new insights from structural and chemical imaging |
| has_fulltext | True |
| is_retracted | False |
| updated_date | 2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776 |
| primary_topic.id | https://openalex.org/T10643 |
| primary_topic.field.id | https://openalex.org/fields/19 |
| primary_topic.field.display_name | Earth and Planetary Sciences |
| primary_topic.score | 0.9994000196456909 |
| primary_topic.domain.id | https://openalex.org/domains/3 |
| primary_topic.domain.display_name | Physical Sciences |
| primary_topic.subfield.id | https://openalex.org/subfields/1910 |
| primary_topic.subfield.display_name | Oceanography |
| primary_topic.display_name | Marine and coastal plant biology |
| related_works | https://openalex.org/W1994232557, https://openalex.org/W2072563749, https://openalex.org/W2106779559, https://openalex.org/W2076637571, https://openalex.org/W4310866760, https://openalex.org/W2022925676, https://openalex.org/W2107584172, https://openalex.org/W1596436175, https://openalex.org/W2077073387, https://openalex.org/W4402957806 |
| cited_by_count | 18 |
| counts_by_year[0].year | 2025 |
| counts_by_year[0].cited_by_count | 2 |
| counts_by_year[1].year | 2024 |
| counts_by_year[1].cited_by_count | 10 |
| counts_by_year[2].year | 2023 |
| counts_by_year[2].cited_by_count | 5 |
| counts_by_year[3].year | 2013 |
| counts_by_year[3].cited_by_count | 1 |
| locations_count | 4 |
| best_oa_location.id | doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111 |
| best_oa_location.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2493613807 |
| best_oa_location.source.issn | 1664-462X |
| best_oa_location.source.type | journal |
| best_oa_location.source.is_oa | True |
| best_oa_location.source.issn_l | 1664-462X |
| best_oa_location.source.is_core | True |
| best_oa_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| best_oa_location.source.display_name | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320527 |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_name | Frontiers Media |
| best_oa_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320527 |
| best_oa_location.license | cc-by |
| best_oa_location.pdf_url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111/pdf |
| best_oa_location.version | publishedVersion |
| best_oa_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| best_oa_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| best_oa_location.is_accepted | True |
| best_oa_location.is_published | True |
| best_oa_location.raw_source_name | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| best_oa_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111 |
| primary_location.id | doi:10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111 |
| primary_location.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.id | https://openalex.org/S2493613807 |
| primary_location.source.issn | 1664-462X |
| primary_location.source.type | journal |
| primary_location.source.is_oa | True |
| primary_location.source.issn_l | 1664-462X |
| primary_location.source.is_core | True |
| primary_location.source.is_in_doaj | True |
| primary_location.source.display_name | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| primary_location.source.host_organization | https://openalex.org/P4310320527 |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_name | Frontiers Media |
| primary_location.source.host_organization_lineage | https://openalex.org/P4310320527 |
| primary_location.license | cc-by |
| primary_location.pdf_url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111/pdf |
| primary_location.version | publishedVersion |
| primary_location.raw_type | journal-article |
| primary_location.license_id | https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by |
| primary_location.is_accepted | True |
| primary_location.is_published | True |
| primary_location.raw_source_name | Frontiers in Plant Science |
| primary_location.landing_page_url | https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1080111 |
| publication_date | 2022-12-06 |
| publication_year | 2022 |
| referenced_works | https://openalex.org/W2016079479, https://openalex.org/W2069715204, https://openalex.org/W3011495605, https://openalex.org/W3007334101, https://openalex.org/W2127021055, https://openalex.org/W6634272105, https://openalex.org/W2094269129, https://openalex.org/W2324885556, https://openalex.org/W2768477293, https://openalex.org/W1581201881, https://openalex.org/W2783533637, https://openalex.org/W2797797469, https://openalex.org/W2595542979, https://openalex.org/W3176802005, https://openalex.org/W2282274628, https://openalex.org/W1789781964, https://openalex.org/W4292649437, https://openalex.org/W2098512660, https://openalex.org/W2797936299, https://openalex.org/W2520867875, https://openalex.org/W2946075998, https://openalex.org/W2036137021, https://openalex.org/W2164793821, https://openalex.org/W6850766078, https://openalex.org/W2801834742, https://openalex.org/W2747056899, https://openalex.org/W2940535127, https://openalex.org/W2972980193, https://openalex.org/W4294012268, https://openalex.org/W95686136, https://openalex.org/W2141100350, https://openalex.org/W1981494785, https://openalex.org/W3087942797, https://openalex.org/W6603928764, https://openalex.org/W204975839, https://openalex.org/W2981543307, https://openalex.org/W2159109819, https://openalex.org/W2114400270, https://openalex.org/W2729961353, https://openalex.org/W1998198096, https://openalex.org/W4285793214, https://openalex.org/W3194066709, https://openalex.org/W3160988192, https://openalex.org/W3214668847, https://openalex.org/W2398419948, https://openalex.org/W2896256676, https://openalex.org/W2056430737, https://openalex.org/W2044982608, https://openalex.org/W4281790370, https://openalex.org/W2125286895, https://openalex.org/W2150198547, https://openalex.org/W2071907460, https://openalex.org/W2049867998, https://openalex.org/W4220757724, https://openalex.org/W2970131027, https://openalex.org/W2073745558, https://openalex.org/W2155802268, https://openalex.org/W2153093436, https://openalex.org/W2170463833, https://openalex.org/W4229061945, https://openalex.org/W2020199001, https://openalex.org/W2409202227, https://openalex.org/W2048591508, https://openalex.org/W1968987440, https://openalex.org/W2146280283, https://openalex.org/W2945626375, https://openalex.org/W2956739013, https://openalex.org/W2061668266, https://openalex.org/W2793325674, https://openalex.org/W2619230229, https://openalex.org/W2103711007, https://openalex.org/W4245461700, https://openalex.org/W2159532901, https://openalex.org/W6602904892, https://openalex.org/W3196010358, https://openalex.org/W2073582630, https://openalex.org/W4210805894, https://openalex.org/W3008940695, https://openalex.org/W2056983090, https://openalex.org/W4322581974, https://openalex.org/W1566993410, https://openalex.org/W72264937, https://openalex.org/W1238910916 |
| referenced_works_count | 83 |
| abstract_inverted_index.a | 1, 173, 181, 196, 224, 246, 268, 318 |
| abstract_inverted_index.We | 70 |
| abstract_inverted_index.as | 158, 273, 275, 279 |
| abstract_inverted_index.be | 185 |
| abstract_inverted_index.by | 49, 85, 161 |
| abstract_inverted_index.in | 15, 29, 36, 47, 53, 68, 187, 216, 223, 227, 251, 302, 309, 332 |
| abstract_inverted_index.is | 176, 213, 339 |
| abstract_inverted_index.of | 3, 32, 40, 56, 77, 119, 128, 143, 192, 209, 234, 249, 262, 293, 298, 315 |
| abstract_inverted_index.on | 321 |
| abstract_inverted_index.or | 172 |
| abstract_inverted_index.to | 10, 17, 24, 284 |
| abstract_inverted_index.The | 20, 137, 164, 313 |
| abstract_inverted_index.and | 7, 35, 51, 74, 88, 109, 123, 135, 139, 190, 202, 230, 282, 295, 327, 336 |
| abstract_inverted_index.are | 141, 306 |
| abstract_inverted_index.but | 170 |
| abstract_inverted_index.can | 184 |
| abstract_inverted_index.its | 328 |
| abstract_inverted_index.key | 247, 330 |
| abstract_inverted_index.not | 307 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sp. | 81 |
| abstract_inverted_index.the | 30, 37, 54, 72, 117, 120, 129, 150, 206, 210, 228, 259, 263, 287, 296, 303, 310, 322, 333 |
| abstract_inverted_index.was | 242 |
| abstract_inverted_index.This | 113 |
| abstract_inverted_index.also | 243 |
| abstract_inverted_index.been | 66 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cell | 42, 61, 83, 260, 304, 325 |
| abstract_inverted_index.from | 22 |
| abstract_inverted_index.gave | 317 |
| abstract_inverted_index.have | 65 |
| abstract_inverted_index.high | 102, 203 |
| abstract_inverted_index.land | 11 |
| abstract_inverted_index.live | 14 |
| abstract_inverted_index.main | 126 |
| abstract_inverted_index.moss | 188 |
| abstract_inverted_index.role | 248, 331 |
| abstract_inverted_index.that | 258 |
| abstract_inverted_index.view | 320 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wall | 212, 240, 253, 261, 305, 326 |
| abstract_inverted_index.well | 214, 274 |
| abstract_inverted_index.with | 145, 180 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Both, | 286 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Raman | 107, 162 |
| abstract_inverted_index.While | 205 |
| abstract_inverted_index.algae | 6 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cells | 34 |
| abstract_inverted_index.class | 2 |
| abstract_inverted_index.dense | 152 |
| abstract_inverted_index.early | 238 |
| abstract_inverted_index.endo- | 138, 229 |
| abstract_inverted_index.field | 78 |
| abstract_inverted_index.force | 111 |
| abstract_inverted_index.found | 186, 308 |
| abstract_inverted_index.green | 5 |
| abstract_inverted_index.group | 9 |
| abstract_inverted_index.laser | 95 |
| abstract_inverted_index.layer | 154 |
| abstract_inverted_index.light | 92 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lipid | 235 |
| abstract_inverted_index.meso- | 134 |
| abstract_inverted_index.might | 64 |
| abstract_inverted_index.newly | 288 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plant | 337 |
| abstract_inverted_index.their | 41 |
| abstract_inverted_index.three | 125 |
| abstract_inverted_index.wall, | 131 |
| abstract_inverted_index.walls | 84 |
| abstract_inverted_index.which | 63 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Sexual | 44 |
| abstract_inverted_index.acting | 278 |
| abstract_inverted_index.atomic | 110 |
| abstract_inverted_index.bodies | 236 |
| abstract_inverted_index.during | 237 |
| abstract_inverted_index.endo-, | 133 |
| abstract_inverted_index.formed | 265 |
| abstract_inverted_index.freeze | 104 |
| abstract_inverted_index.higher | 193 |
| abstract_inverted_index.highly | 269, 299 |
| abstract_inverted_index.layers | 127 |
| abstract_inverted_index.likely | 277 |
| abstract_inverted_index.lipids | 250 |
| abstract_inverted_index.middle | 153 |
| abstract_inverted_index.occurs | 46 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plants | 12 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pollen | 191 |
| abstract_inverted_index.showed | 124, 219 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sister | 8 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spores | 189 |
| abstract_inverted_index.state. | 312 |
| abstract_inverted_index.stress | 201 |
| abstract_inverted_index.termed | 132 |
| abstract_inverted_index.unique | 59 |
| abstract_inverted_index.walls, | 62 |
| abstract_inverted_index.walls. | 43 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Initial | 232 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Similar | 178 |
| abstract_inverted_index.against | 199 |
| abstract_inverted_index.allowed | 116 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aquatic | 16, 23 |
| abstract_inverted_index.complex | 270 |
| abstract_inverted_index.crucial | 67 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fibrils | 221 |
| abstract_inverted_index.further | 159 |
| abstract_inverted_index.imaging | 90, 256 |
| abstract_inverted_index.leading | 283 |
| abstract_inverted_index.methods | 316 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pattern | 226 |
| abstract_inverted_index.plants, | 194 |
| abstract_inverted_index.possess | 267 |
| abstract_inverted_index.remains | 168 |
| abstract_inverted_index.results | 52 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sampled | 79 |
| abstract_inverted_index.special | 290 |
| abstract_inverted_index.variety | 314 |
| abstract_inverted_index.whereas | 149 |
| abstract_inverted_index.algaenan | 171 |
| abstract_inverted_index.analysis | 115 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aromatic | 156 |
| abstract_inverted_index.arranged | 222 |
| abstract_inverted_index.chemical | 75, 166 |
| abstract_inverted_index.composed | 142 |
| abstract_inverted_index.confocal | 94 |
| abstract_inverted_index.contains | 155 |
| abstract_inverted_index.electron | 99, 151 |
| abstract_inverted_index.elusive, | 169 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exospore | 140 |
| abstract_inverted_index.function | 198 |
| abstract_inverted_index.internal | 271 |
| abstract_inverted_index.material | 175 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multiple | 86 |
| abstract_inverted_index.possible | 165 |
| abstract_inverted_index.pressure | 103 |
| abstract_inverted_index.requires | 27 |
| abstract_inverted_index.revealed | 257 |
| abstract_inverted_index.scanning | 96 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sexually | 264 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spectral | 89 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Spirogyra | 80, 218 |
| abstract_inverted_index.cellulose | 220 |
| abstract_inverted_index.character | 183 |
| abstract_inverted_index.compounds | 157, 179, 281 |
| abstract_inverted_index.detection | 118 |
| abstract_inverted_index.different | 146 |
| abstract_inverted_index.evolution | 338 |
| abstract_inverted_index.exospore. | 136, 231 |
| abstract_inverted_index.following | 101 |
| abstract_inverted_index.formation | 55, 241 |
| abstract_inverted_index.habitats. | 19 |
| abstract_inverted_index.intricate | 323 |
| abstract_inverted_index.observed, | 244 |
| abstract_inverted_index.potential | 329 |
| abstract_inverted_index.resistant | 300 |
| abstract_inverted_index.structure | 73, 272 |
| abstract_inverted_index.zygospore | 82, 130, 211, 239, 252, 324 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Multimodal | 255 |
| abstract_inverted_index.aromatics, | 276 |
| abstract_inverted_index.components | 301 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discovered | 289 |
| abstract_inverted_index.discussed. | 340 |
| abstract_inverted_index.helicoidal | 225 |
| abstract_inverted_index.microscopy | 100 |
| abstract_inverted_index.physiology | 31 |
| abstract_inverted_index.possessing | 58 |
| abstract_inverted_index.properties | 39 |
| abstract_inverted_index.protective | 197, 280 |
| abstract_inverted_index.structural | 38 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suggested. | 177 |
| abstract_inverted_index.suggesting | 195, 245 |
| abstract_inverted_index.synthesis. | 254 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transition | 21 |
| abstract_inverted_index.tripartite | 207 |
| abstract_inverted_index.vegetative | 33, 311 |
| abstract_inverted_index.zygospores | 266 |
| abstract_inverted_index.adaptations | 28 |
| abstract_inverted_index.appearance, | 148 |
| abstract_inverted_index.arrangement | 292 |
| abstract_inverted_index.composition | 76, 167 |
| abstract_inverted_index.conjugation | 50 |
| abstract_inverted_index.desiccation | 200 |
| abstract_inverted_index.established | 215 |
| abstract_inverted_index.integration | 297 |
| abstract_inverted_index.microscopy, | 93, 97 |
| abstract_inverted_index.microscopy. | 112 |
| abstract_inverted_index.subcellular | 121 |
| abstract_inverted_index.techniques: | 91 |
| abstract_inverted_index.terrestrial | 25, 334 |
| abstract_inverted_index.zygospores, | 57 |
| abstract_inverted_index.colonization | 335 |
| abstract_inverted_index.environments | 26 |
| abstract_inverted_index.investigated | 71 |
| abstract_inverted_index.irradiation. | 204 |
| abstract_inverted_index.microfibrils | 294 |
| abstract_inverted_index.organization | 122 |
| abstract_inverted_index.reproduction | 45 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spectroscopy | 108 |
| abstract_inverted_index.streptophyte | 4 |
| abstract_inverted_index.transmission | 98 |
| abstract_inverted_index.characterized | 160 |
| abstract_inverted_index.comprehensive | 114, 319 |
| abstract_inverted_index.impregnation. | 285 |
| abstract_inverted_index.incorporation | 233 |
| abstract_inverted_index.microscopical | 87 |
| abstract_inverted_index.multi-layered | 60 |
| abstract_inverted_index.spectroscopy. | 163 |
| abstract_inverted_index.substitution, | 106 |
| abstract_inverted_index.(Embryophytes) | 13 |
| abstract_inverted_index.differentiation | 208 |
| abstract_inverted_index.fixation/freeze | 105 |
| abstract_inverted_index.polysaccharides | 144 |
| abstract_inverted_index.ultrastructural | 147 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Zygnematophyceae | 48 |
| abstract_inverted_index.non-hydrolysable | 182 |
| abstract_inverted_index.semi-terrestrial | 18 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Zygnematophyceae, | 0 |
| abstract_inverted_index.Zygnematopyhceae, | 217 |
| abstract_inverted_index.three-dimensional | 291 |
| abstract_inverted_index.sporopollenin-like | 174 |
| abstract_inverted_index.terrestrialization. | 69 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.max | 99 |
| cited_by_percentile_year.min | 89 |
| corresponding_author_ids | https://openalex.org/A5078919884 |
| countries_distinct_count | 1 |
| institutions_distinct_count | 3 |
| corresponding_institution_ids | https://openalex.org/I190249584 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].id | https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].score | 0.5699999928474426 |
| sustainable_development_goals[0].display_name | Life in Land |
| citation_normalized_percentile.value | 0.9211264 |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_1_percent | False |
| citation_normalized_percentile.is_in_top_10_percent | True |