Adam Maxwell Sparks
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View article: Are Ecosystem Services Replaceable by Technology Yet? Bio-Inspired Technologies for Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities
Are Ecosystem Services Replaceable by Technology Yet? Bio-Inspired Technologies for Ecosystem Services: Challenges and Opportunities Open
As ecological collapse accelerates under the pressures of anthropogenic climate change, adaptation strategies increasingly include technological proxies for nature’s functions. But can ecosystem services (ES) be meaningfully replaced by te…
View article: Accordance and conflict between religious and scientific precautions against COVID-19 in 27 societies
Accordance and conflict between religious and scientific precautions against COVID-19 in 27 societies Open
Meaning-making systems underlie perceptions of the efficacy of threat-mitigating behaviors. Religion and science both offer threat mitigation, yet these meaning-making systems are often considered incompatible. Do such epistemological conf…
View article: Expressed disapproval does not sustain long-term cooperation as effectively as costly punishment
Expressed disapproval does not sustain long-term cooperation as effectively as costly punishment Open
Punishment plays a role in human cooperation, but it is costly. Prior research shows that people are more cooperative when they expect to receive negative feedback for non-cooperation, even in the absence of costly punishment, which would …
View article: Accordance and conflict between religious and scientific precautions against COVID-19 in 27 societies
Accordance and conflict between religious and scientific precautions against COVID-19 in 27 societies Open
Meaning-making systems underlie perceptions of the efficacy of threat-mitigating behaviors. Religion and science both offer threat mitigation, yet these two meaning-making systems are often considered incompatible. Do such epistemological …
View article: Greater traditionalism predicts COVID-19 precautionary behaviors across 27 societies
Greater traditionalism predicts COVID-19 precautionary behaviors across 27 societies Open
View article: Coalitionality shapes moral elevation: evidence from the U.S. Black Lives Matter protest and counter-protest movements
Coalitionality shapes moral elevation: evidence from the U.S. Black Lives Matter protest and counter-protest movements Open
Witnessing altruistic behaviour can elicit moral elevation , an emotion that motivates prosocial cooperation. This emotion is evoked more strongly when the observer anticipates that other people will be reciprocally cooperative. Coalitiona…
View article: Greater Traditionalism Predicts COVID-19 Precautionary Behaviors Across 27 Societies
Greater Traditionalism Predicts COVID-19 Precautionary Behaviors Across 27 Societies Open
People vary in the extent to which they embrace their society’s traditions, impacting a range of social and political phenomena. People also vary in the degree to which they perceive disparate dangers as salient and necessitating a respons…
View article: Coalitionality Shapes Moral Elevation: Evidence from the U.S. Black Lives Matter Protest and Counter-protest Movements
Coalitionality Shapes Moral Elevation: Evidence from the U.S. Black Lives Matter Protest and Counter-protest Movements Open
Witnessing altruistic behavior can elicit moral elevation, an emotion that motivates prosocial cooperation. This emotion is evoked more strongly when the observer anticipates that other people will be reciprocally cooperative. Coalitionali…
View article: No effect of ‘watching eyes’: An attempted replication and extension investigating individual differences
No effect of ‘watching eyes’: An attempted replication and extension investigating individual differences Open
Some evidence suggests that people behave more cooperatively and generously when observed or in the presence of images of eyes (termed the ‘watching eyes’ effect). Eye images are thought to trigger feelings of observation, which in turn mo…
View article: The skin crawls, the stomach turns: ectoparasites and pathogens elicit distinct defensive responses in humans
The skin crawls, the stomach turns: ectoparasites and pathogens elicit distinct defensive responses in humans Open
Disgust has long been viewed as a primary motivator of defensive responses to threats posed by both microscopic pathogens and macroscopic ectoparasites. Although disgust can defend effectively against pathogens encountered through ingestio…
View article: The skin crawls, the stomach turns: ectoparasites and pathogens elicit distinct defensive responses in humans
The skin crawls, the stomach turns: ectoparasites and pathogens elicit distinct defensive responses in humans Open
Disgust has long been viewed as a primary motivator of defensive responses to threats posed by both microscopic pathogens and macroscopic ectoparasites. Although disgust can defend effectively against pathogens encountered through ingestio…
View article: No effect of ‘watching eyes’: An attempted replication and extension investigating individual differences
No effect of ‘watching eyes’: An attempted replication and extension investigating individual differences Open
Some evidence suggests that people behave more cooperatively and generously when observed or in the presence of images of eyes (termed the ‘watching eyes’ effect). Eye images are thought to trigger feelings of observation, which in turn mo…
View article: Of pathogens and party lines: Social conservatism positively associates with COVID-19 precautions among U.S. Democrats but not Republicans
Of pathogens and party lines: Social conservatism positively associates with COVID-19 precautions among U.S. Democrats but not Republicans Open
Social liberals tend to be less pathogen-avoidant than social conservatives, a pattern consistent with a model wherein ideological differences stem from differences in threat reactivity. Here we investigate if and how individual responses …
View article: Live fast, die young and sleep later
Live fast, die young and sleep later Open
Background and objectives Life History Theory (LHT) describes trade-offs that organisms make with regard to three investment pathways: growth, maintenance and reproduction. In light of the reparative functions of sleep, we examine sleep be…
View article: Of Pathogens and Party Lines: Social Conservatism Positively Associates with COVID-19 Precautions among U.S. Democrats but not Republicans
Of Pathogens and Party Lines: Social Conservatism Positively Associates with COVID-19 Precautions among U.S. Democrats but not Republicans Open
Consistent with a threat-bias model of ideological differences, social liberals have been shown to be less pathogen-avoidant than tradition-valuing social conservatives. However, particularly when pathogen threat occurs at a societal level…
View article: Feelings of obligation are valuations of signaling-mediated social payoffs
Feelings of obligation are valuations of signaling-mediated social payoffs Open
We extend Tomasello's framework by addressing the functional challenge of obligation. If the long-run social consequences of a decision are sufficiently costly, obligation motivates the actor to forgo potential immediate benefits in favor …
View article: Elevation, an emotion for prosocial contagion, is experienced more strongly by those with greater expectations of the cooperativeness of others
Elevation, an emotion for prosocial contagion, is experienced more strongly by those with greater expectations of the cooperativeness of others Open
A unique emotion, elevation, is thought to underlie prosocial contagion, a process whereby witnessing a prosocial act leads to acting prosocially. Individuals differ in their propensity to experience elevation, and thus their proneness to …
View article: Elevation, an emotion for prosocial contagion, is experienced more strongly by those with greater expectations of the cooperativeness of others
Elevation, an emotion for prosocial contagion, is experienced more strongly by those with greater expectations of the cooperativeness of others Open
A unique emotion, elevation, is thought to underlie prosocial contagion, a process whereby witnessing a prosocial act leads to acting prosocially. Individuals differ in their propensity to experience elevation, and thus their proneness to …
View article: Does observing reciprocity or exploitation affect elevation, a mechanism driving prosociality?
Does observing reciprocity or exploitation affect elevation, a mechanism driving prosociality? Open
View article: Electoral fortunes reverse, mindsets do not
Electoral fortunes reverse, mindsets do not Open
Conservatives and liberals have previously been shown to differ in the propensity to view socially-transmitted information about hazards as more plausible than that concerning benefits. Given differences between conservatives and liberals …
View article: State-dependent risk-taking
State-dependent risk-taking Open
Who takes risks, and when? The relative state model proposes two non-independent selection pressures governing risk-taking: need-based and ability-based. The need-based account suggests that actors take risks when they cannot reach target …
View article: May God Guide Our Guns
May God Guide Our Guns Open
The perceived support of supernatural agents has been historically, ethnographically, and theoretically linked with confidence in engaging in violent intergroup conflict. However, scant experimental investigations of such links have been r…
View article: Supplementary material from "State-dependent risk-taking"
Supplementary material from "State-dependent risk-taking" Open
Who takes risks, and when? The relative state model proposes two non-independent selection pressures governing risk-taking: need-based and ability-based. The need-based account suggests that actors take risks when they cannot reach …
View article: Disgust and Harm Avoidance
Disgust and Harm Avoidance Open
Sparks, A.M., Fessler, D.M.T., Chan, K.Q., Ashokkumar, A., and Holbrook, C. (in press) Disgust as a mechanism of decision making under risk. Emotion.
View article: We can see inside: Accurate prediction of Prisoner's Dilemma decisions in announced games following a face-to-face interaction
We can see inside: Accurate prediction of Prisoner's Dilemma decisions in announced games following a face-to-face interaction Open
Humans form impressions and make social judgments about others based on information that is quickly and easily available, such as facial and vocal traits. The evolutionary function of impression formation and social judgment mechanisms hav…
View article: No effect on condemnation of short or long exposure to eye images
No effect on condemnation of short or long exposure to eye images Open
The effect of exposure to eye images on various behaviors has been explained as a response to an invalid cue of observation. This interpretation has been supported by an experiment showing that a short exposure to eye images increased dict…
View article: Reputation Mechanisms and the Long-Term Consequences of Cooperative Behavior
Reputation Mechanisms and the Long-Term Consequences of Cooperative Behavior Open
This thesis applies evolutionary theories to a series of empirical investigations of the psychological mechanisms that produce cooperative behaviour. I pay special attention to the long-term social consequences of current behaviour, i.e. r…
View article: Accurate PDG Predictions
Accurate PDG Predictions Open
3 original replications of Frank et al (1993)
View article: Influence Of Age And Undergraduate College On Physical Activity Habits And Alcohol Use
Influence Of Age And Undergraduate College On Physical Activity Habits And Alcohol Use Open
View article: Manuscript and Supplement
Manuscript and Supplement Open