Alec R. Kowalewski
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View article: Irrigation frequency and mowing height influence annual bluegrass in perennial ryegrass
Irrigation frequency and mowing height influence annual bluegrass in perennial ryegrass Open
Annual bluegrass ( Poa annua L.) is a winter annual weed with limited herbicide control options in cool‐season turfgrasses. This research evaluated the effect of irrigation frequency and mowing height on annual bluegrass cover in perennial…
View article: <i>Epichlöe festucae</i> endophyte mediated maternal inheritance of dollar spot disease resistance in hard fescue
<i>Epichlöe festucae</i> endophyte mediated maternal inheritance of dollar spot disease resistance in hard fescue Open
Hard fescue ( Festuca brevipila ) is a fine‐leaved cool‐season turfgrass and is well adapted for low‐maintenance areas, such as home lawns, parks, and roadsides. Breeding for improved disease resistance is a major objective in utilizing ha…
View article: <i>Poa annua</i> ecology, biology, and integrated weed management practices in turfgrass
<i>Poa annua</i> ecology, biology, and integrated weed management practices in turfgrass Open
Poa annua L. is one of the most widespread and troublesome weeds of turfgrass. It persists as both an annual and perennial and is adaptable to almost any static maintenance regime, including adaptation to mowing heights and evolution of he…
View article: Multi‐state survey to identify suspected resistance to four herbicides and one plant growth regulator in <i>Poa annua</i>
Multi‐state survey to identify suspected resistance to four herbicides and one plant growth regulator in <i>Poa annua</i> Open
Plain Language Summary Poa annua is a troublesome weed in turfgrass areas such as golf courses, athletic fields, lawns, and sod farms. Controlling P. annua is made more difficult by the growing problem of herbicide resistance, the inherite…
View article: Mowing Height and Fertility Regime Effects on Tall Fescue Turf in the Pacific Northwest
Mowing Height and Fertility Regime Effects on Tall Fescue Turf in the Pacific Northwest Open
The western portion of the Pacific Northwest is known for being dry in the summer and cool and humid in the other months. Tall fescue is valued for its drought and heat tolerance, making it a desirable choice in regions where water is scar…
View article: A survey of ethofumesate resistant annual bluegrass (<i>Poa annua</i>) on US golf courses
A survey of ethofumesate resistant annual bluegrass (<i>Poa annua</i>) on US golf courses Open
Annual bluegrass ( Poa annua L.) is the most troublesome weed on golf courses in the US. Many agronomic practices intended to promote high‐quality playing surfaces favor the growth and development of annual bluegrass, resulting in high wee…
View article: The built-up sand-capped athletic field system
The built-up sand-capped athletic field system Open
The typical high school athletic field serves as a focal point for social gatherings and adds to a sense of community pride. It is typically one of the few fields in town with lights, making it host to a variety of after school and work ev…
View article: Ethofumesate-resistant annual bluegrass (<i>Poa annua</i>) in grass seed production systems
Ethofumesate-resistant annual bluegrass (<i>Poa annua</i>) in grass seed production systems Open
The prolific seed production and polyploidy of annual bluegrass allow for the rapid development of herbicide resistance. Ethofumesate-resistant annual bluegrass plants were identified in the 1990s in grass seed production in Oregon, but th…
View article: Using survey results to direct future extension efforts in annual bluegrass management
Using survey results to direct future extension efforts in annual bluegrass management Open
Controlling unwanted annual bluegrass ( Poa annua L.) in desirable turfgrass species often relies heavily on herbicide use. As a result, increasing populations of herbicide‐resistant annual bluegrass have become a concern. In 2018, a unive…
View article: Developing and implementing a sustainable, integrated weed management program for herbicide‐resistant <i>Poa annua</i> in turfgrass
Developing and implementing a sustainable, integrated weed management program for herbicide‐resistant <i>Poa annua</i> in turfgrass Open
The ability of Poa annua L. to adapt to most turfgrass environments extends to its ability to develop resistance to commonly used herbicides. Herbicide resistant P. annua is of almost epidemic proportions. The loss of once viable chemical‐…
View article: Comparing methods to quantify cover in turfgrass research
Comparing methods to quantify cover in turfgrass research Open
Turfgrass cover can be assessed qualitatively using visual ratings, but quantitative turfgrass cover measurements are desired for producing unbiased data. Digital image analysis and point intercept are two quantitative percent cover data c…
View article: Field evaluation of perennial ryegrass cultivars for use with effluent water irrigation
Field evaluation of perennial ryegrass cultivars for use with effluent water irrigation Open
Fresh water is a scarce resource that needs to be conserved. Landscape irrigation, a large portion of the outdoor water use, can be accomplished with water of less-than-potable quality. The use of effluent water generated from residential …
View article: High soil carbon sequestration rates persist several decades in turfgrass systems: A meta-analysis
High soil carbon sequestration rates persist several decades in turfgrass systems: A meta-analysis Open
View article: Herbicide-Resistance in Turf Systems: Insights and Options for Managing Complexity
Herbicide-Resistance in Turf Systems: Insights and Options for Managing Complexity Open
Due to complex interactions between social and ecological systems, herbicide resistance has classic features of a “wicked problem”. Herbicide-resistant (HR) Poa annua poses a risk to sustainably managing U.S. turfgrass systems, but there i…
View article: Carbon Sequestration in Turfgrass–Soil Systems
Carbon Sequestration in Turfgrass–Soil Systems Open
Plants are key components of the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. Atmospheric CO2 is assimilated through photosynthesis and stored in plant biomass and in the soil. The use of turfgrass is expanding due to the increasing human populatio…
View article: Nitrogen fertilizer and clover inclusion effects on the establishment of fine fescue taxa
Nitrogen fertilizer and clover inclusion effects on the establishment of fine fescue taxa Open
Little information exists on establishment vigor differences among fine fescue taxa ( Festuca L. spp.) and on the effects N fertilizer levels or clover ( Trifolium L. spp.)‐inclusion during establishment. Five replicated field experiments …
View article: High Soil Carbon Sequestration Rates Persist Several Decades in Turfgrass Systems: A Meta-Analysis
High Soil Carbon Sequestration Rates Persist Several Decades in Turfgrass Systems: A Meta-Analysis Open
View article: Phosphorus influences annual bluegrass competitiveness at seeding in perennial ryegrass and creeping bentgrass
Phosphorus influences annual bluegrass competitiveness at seeding in perennial ryegrass and creeping bentgrass Open
Annual bluegrass (AB; Poa annua L.) infestation is aided by phosphorus (P), but there is no information evaluating the effect of P on AB encroachment into turfgrass at seeded establishment. We hypothesized AB seedling survival and vigor wi…
View article: Analyzing Golf Course Pesticide Risk Across the Us and Europe
Analyzing Golf Course Pesticide Risk Across the Us and Europe Open
View article: Optimal fine fescue mixture seeding dates in the northern United States
Optimal fine fescue mixture seeding dates in the northern United States Open
Research is lacking on best establishment practices of fine fescues ( Festuca spp.), such as optimal seeding timings, which are well known for other cool‐season turfgrasses. Our objective was to document establishment and determine optimal…
View article: Irrigation frequencies and reference evapotranspiration replacement affecting annual bluegrass encroachment in perennial ryegrass in western Oregon
Irrigation frequencies and reference evapotranspiration replacement affecting annual bluegrass encroachment in perennial ryegrass in western Oregon Open
Annual bluegrass ( Poa annua L.) encroachment may increase when turfgrass is maintained with excessive irrigation; however, with proper deficit irrigation, annual bluegrass germination and growth may be suppressed while desirable turfgrass…
View article: Integrated pest management effects on weed populations managed without herbicides in the Pacific Northwest
Integrated pest management effects on weed populations managed without herbicides in the Pacific Northwest Open
Pesticide usage on public school grounds is a concern in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Our objective was to determine how variations in primary cultural management practices (mowing, fertilization, and irrigation), in the absence of herbicid…
View article: Establishment of low‐input turfgrass from seed with patch and repair mixtures: Mulch and starter fertilizer effects
Establishment of low‐input turfgrass from seed with patch and repair mixtures: Mulch and starter fertilizer effects Open
Homeowners typically use commercial “patch and repair” products to seed bare or damaged lawn areas in the spring. Commercial products typically contain inert matter, fertilizer, and turfgrass seed, which is dominated by perennial ryegrass …
View article: The effects of iron sulfate heptahydrate water carrier volumes on Microdochium patch suppression and turfgrass quality
The effects of iron sulfate heptahydrate water carrier volumes on Microdochium patch suppression and turfgrass quality Open
Microdochium patch is a turfgrass disease caused by the fungal pathogen Microdochium nivale (Fries) Samuels & I.C. Hallett that occurs most commonly in cool‐humid regions such as the Pacific Northwest. Fungicide applications are the predom…
View article: Frequent soil surfactant applications influence anthracnose on an annual bluegrass research green
Frequent soil surfactant applications influence anthracnose on an annual bluegrass research green Open
Anthracnose is a turfgrass disease caused by the fungal pathogen Colletotrichum cereale Manns and can cause severe damage to annual bluegrass putting greens. Most turfgrass managers use fungicides to manage anthracnose, although legislatio…
View article: Combinations of rolling, mineral oil, sulfur, and phosphorous acid affect Microdochium patch severity
Combinations of rolling, mineral oil, sulfur, and phosphorous acid affect Microdochium patch severity Open
Microdochium patch is a turfgrass disease that occurs in cool, humid regions caused by the fungal pathogen Microdochium nivale (Fr.) Samuels & Hallett [Teleomorph = Monographella nivalis (Schaffnit) E. Müll]. Fungicide applications are the…
View article: A justification for continued management of turfgrass during economic contraction
A justification for continued management of turfgrass during economic contraction Open
A novel coronavirus, termed COVID‐19, spread worldwide and become a global pandemic in 2020. Forecasts show that COVID‐19 will cause substantial economic contraction affecting almost every industry. Managed turfgrass, particularly in urban…
View article: Adding a late fall application of Proxy (ethephon) before two traditional spring applications improves seedhead control of annual bluegrass
Adding a late fall application of Proxy (ethephon) before two traditional spring applications improves seedhead control of annual bluegrass Open
Annual bluegrass (ABG) ( Poa annua L.) is a prolific seed producer in the spring on golf courses that in turn decreases aesthetic quality and trueness of ball roll on cool‐season putting greens. Proxy (ethephon) applied twice in the spring…
View article: Water requirements influenced by turfgrass species and mowing height in western Oregon
Water requirements influenced by turfgrass species and mowing height in western Oregon Open
Drought triggers a range of abiotic stresses resulting in loss of green color and summer dormancy in cool-season turfgrasses (Lewis, Bremer, Keeley, & Fry, 2012). Mitigating drought stress may require supplemental irrigation, but data on w…
View article: Estimating economic minimums of mowing, fertilizing, and irrigating turfgrass
Estimating economic minimums of mowing, fertilizing, and irrigating turfgrass Open
The public health crisis and economic recession caused by the COVID‐19 pandemic have forced turfgrass industry professionals to re‐evaluate standard practices. Minimum costs required to fertilize, irrigate, and mow turfgrasses can be rough…