Alexander Gramlich
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View article: Increasing the Reuse Potential of High‐Strength Steels by Extending the Fatigue Life through Surface Treatments
Increasing the Reuse Potential of High‐Strength Steels by Extending the Fatigue Life through Surface Treatments Open
To enhance the circularity of engineering steels, this study investigates a surface reconditioning approach to extend the fatigue life of damaged tempered martensitic 42CrMo4 steel. Fatigue performance is evaluated through a four‐phase met…
View article: Digitalizing metallic materials from image segmentation to multiscale solutions via physics informed operator learning
Digitalizing metallic materials from image segmentation to multiscale solutions via physics informed operator learning Open
Fast prediction of microstructural responses based on realistic material topology is vital for linking process, structure, and properties. This work presents a digital framework for metallic materials using microscale features. We explore …
View article: Impact Toughness and Fatigue Crack Propagation in Carbide‐Free Bainite: The Adverse Role of Retained Austenite and Martensite‐Austenite Islands
Impact Toughness and Fatigue Crack Propagation in Carbide‐Free Bainite: The Adverse Role of Retained Austenite and Martensite‐Austenite Islands Open
The deformation behavior of carbide‐bearing bainite (CBB) and carbide‐free bainite (CFB) under various loading conditions is investigated. Retained austenite (RA) in CFB enhances strength and ductility only under uniaxial tension through g…
View article: Thermodynamic-kinetic and dilatometric characterization of the influence of Mo and Cu additions on phase transition behavior in high-strength medium-Mn steels
Thermodynamic-kinetic and dilatometric characterization of the influence of Mo and Cu additions on phase transition behavior in high-strength medium-Mn steels Open
Theoretical and experimental critical temperatures as well as phase transition phenomena during continuous cooling in 4 mass. % Mn advanced steels with and without Mo and Cu additions were investigated in the present study. The thermodynam…
View article: Hollow Forged AHD Steel Rotor Shafts for Wind Turbines – A Case Study on Power Density, Costs and GWP
Hollow Forged AHD Steel Rotor Shafts for Wind Turbines – A Case Study on Power Density, Costs and GWP Open
Hollow forging and air hardening ductile (AHD) forging steels are a novel manufacturing process and steel grade for the wind energy sector. Together they enable new rotor shaft design possibilities for wind turbines. Hollow forging combine…
View article: Influence of Steel Recycling on Phase Transformation in Medium‐Manganese Third‐Generation Advanced High‐Strength Steels
Influence of Steel Recycling on Phase Transformation in Medium‐Manganese Third‐Generation Advanced High‐Strength Steels Open
Due to the ensuing shift toward adoption of increased levels of scrap during steel production to reduce the carbon footprint, it is essential that the effects of tramp elements entering the produced steel from the scrap are understood. In …
View article: Recycling‐Induced Copper Contamination of a 42CrMo4 Quench and Tempering Steel—Scaling and Susceptibility to Hot Shortness
Recycling‐Induced Copper Contamination of a 42CrMo4 Quench and Tempering Steel—Scaling and Susceptibility to Hot Shortness Open
Residual Cu in steel, stemming from electrified products, is not only difficult to remove but is well known for its potential to impact the surface quality, property profile, and production efficiency by causing cracks during thermomechani…
View article: Influence of Aluminum on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Air‐Hardened Medium Manganese Steel
Influence of Aluminum on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Air‐Hardened Medium Manganese Steel Open
The influence of different aluminum concentrations (0 and 0.25 wt%) on the mechanical properties and the microstructure of recently developed air‐hardening ductile forging steels with 4 wt% manganese is presented together with the effects …
View article: The Influence of Microstructure and Process Design on the Plastic Stability of 4 wt% Medium‐Manganese Steels
The Influence of Microstructure and Process Design on the Plastic Stability of 4 wt% Medium‐Manganese Steels Open
The influence of different microstructures on the plastic stability of an air‐hardened industrially produced medium‐manganese steel is presented. For this matter, heat treatment parameters before and during intercritical annealing (IA) are…
View article: Effects of Silicon and Aluminum Alloying on Phase Transformation and Microstructure Evolution in Fe–0.2C–2.5Mn Steel: Insights from Continuous–Cooling–Transformation and Time–Temperature–Transformation Diagrams
Effects of Silicon and Aluminum Alloying on Phase Transformation and Microstructure Evolution in Fe–0.2C–2.5Mn Steel: Insights from Continuous–Cooling–Transformation and Time–Temperature–Transformation Diagrams Open
The impact of silicon and aluminum on phase transformation behavior, particularly bainite, and microstructure evolution in Fe–0.2C–2.5Mn steel are presented. Continuous–cooling–transformation (CCT) and time–temperature–transformation (TTT)…
View article: Titanium‐Dependent Kinetics of Ferrite Single‐Phase Recrystallization in Cold‐Rolled Ultra‐High‐Strength Low‐Alloy Steels During Annealing
Titanium‐Dependent Kinetics of Ferrite Single‐Phase Recrystallization in Cold‐Rolled Ultra‐High‐Strength Low‐Alloy Steels During Annealing Open
The recrystallization behavior of ferrite single phase in ultrahigh‐strength low‐alloy (UHSLA) steels, with different titanium concentrations (1000, 1500, and 2000 ppm) is presented. Utilizing detailed dilatometer tests, we identified disp…
View article: A comprehensive design approach to increase the performance of steels under minimal costs and environmental impacts
A comprehensive design approach to increase the performance of steels under minimal costs and environmental impacts Open
The requirements for new materials are increasing, as multidimensional criteria should be included in the material design process. A comprehensive approach for designing new steels is presented, where the environmental dimension for each a…
View article: Power Density Analysis of Wind Turbine Main Bearing Units by Holistic Optimization of Material, Manufacturing and Design of the Main Shaft
Power Density Analysis of Wind Turbine Main Bearing Units by Holistic Optimization of Material, Manufacturing and Design of the Main Shaft Open
Given the continuous increases in wind turbine (WT) rated power and size, the nacelle weight and logistic handling costs increases significantly. To support heavier nacelles, stronger towers are needed which again increases material costs,…
View article: Circular Steel for Fast Decarbonization: Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Microstructure Behind Upcycling Scrap into High-Performance Sheet Steel
Circular Steel for Fast Decarbonization: Thermodynamics, Kinetics, and Microstructure Behind Upcycling Scrap into High-Performance Sheet Steel Open
Steel production accounts for approximately 8% of all global CO 2 emissions, with the primary steelmaking route using iron ores contributing approximately 80% of those emissions, mainly due to the use of fossil-based reductants and fuel. H…
View article: A component-oriented material design to improve crashworthiness of safety-relevant car body structures made out of lean medium manganese steel
A component-oriented material design to improve crashworthiness of safety-relevant car body structures made out of lean medium manganese steel Open
Lightweight design is a key challenge to further reduce the worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. To be able to design lightweight concepts in a fast-changing environment, a stronger interlinking between engineering disciplines is required. …
View article: Labor Market Aspects of Transformation: The Case of Different R-Concepts of the Circular Economy
Labor Market Aspects of Transformation: The Case of Different R-Concepts of the Circular Economy Open
Sustainability transformation is a multi-dimensional and comprehensive approach covering various aspects, environmental, economic, and social, and transformation itself. To give direction to sustainability action, sustainable development g…
View article: Influence of Transformation Temperature on the High‐Cycle Fatigue Performance of Carbide‐Bearing and Carbide‐Free Bainite
Influence of Transformation Temperature on the High‐Cycle Fatigue Performance of Carbide‐Bearing and Carbide‐Free Bainite Open
This study investigates the high‐cycle‐fatigue (HCF) behavior of carbide‐bearing bainite (CBB) and carbide‐free bainite (CFB) fabricated at different transformation temperatures. The fatigue limit of each material is determined via stairca…
View article: Air Cooling Martensites—The Future of Carbon Neutral Steel Forgings?
Air Cooling Martensites—The Future of Carbon Neutral Steel Forgings? Open
The air‐hardening ductile forging steels belong to the third generation of advanced high‐strength steels and achieve their final, martensitic microstructure simply by air cooling from the forging heat. The present conference paper reviews …
View article: Recycling‐Induced Copper Contamination of a 42CrMo4 Quench and Tempering Steel: Alterations in Transformation Behavior and Mechanical Properties
Recycling‐Induced Copper Contamination of a 42CrMo4 Quench and Tempering Steel: Alterations in Transformation Behavior and Mechanical Properties Open
The transformation behavior and the mechanical properties of three laboratory produced steels are presented. To investigate the influence of copper contamination, the reference alloy 42CrMo4 is modified and alloyed with 0.5 and 1.0 wt% cop…
View article: Alloying and Processing of Medium Manganese Steels for Forging Applications
Alloying and Processing of Medium Manganese Steels for Forging Applications Open
The processability of medium Mn-containing steels (MMnS) with 4–10% Mn is discussed in light of their continuous casting behavior. Precipitation, phase transformation, extension, or shift of solidification intervals induced by various allo…
View article: Plasma Nitriding of an Air-Hardening Medium Manganese Forging Steel
Plasma Nitriding of an Air-Hardening Medium Manganese Forging Steel Open
The impact of plasma nitriding on the microstructure and the hardness of a recently developed 4 wt.-% medium manganese steel are presented. In contrast to standard quench and tempering steels, the investigated material achieves its martens…
View article: Air-Hardening Die-Forged Con-Rods—Achievable Mechanical Properties of Bainitic and Martensitic Concepts
Air-Hardening Die-Forged Con-Rods—Achievable Mechanical Properties of Bainitic and Martensitic Concepts Open
Three air-hardening forging steels are presented, concerning their microstructure and their mechanical properties. The materials have been produced industrially and achieve either bainitic or martensitic microstructures by air-cooling dire…
View article: On the Influence of Vanadium on Air‐Hardening Medium Manganese Steels for Sustainable Forging Products
On the Influence of Vanadium on Air‐Hardening Medium Manganese Steels for Sustainable Forging Products Open
Sustainable forging steels must be evaluated according to their performance within the circular product economy, which encompasses efficient manufacturing, enhanced longevity and improved recycling rates of constituent ferroalloys. This re…
View article: Tempering and Intercritical Annealing of Air‐Hardening 4 wt% Medium Manganese Steels
Tempering and Intercritical Annealing of Air‐Hardening 4 wt% Medium Manganese Steels Open
The mechanical properties after tempering and intercritical annealing of medium manganese steels with 4 wt% Mn for forging applications are presented. After forging with subsequent air cooling, heat treatments were performed, specifically …