Alvina G. Lai
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View article: Exploring the Potentials of Silver Nanoparticles in Overcoming Cisplatin Resistance in Lung Adenocarcinoma: Insights from Proteomic and Xenograft Mice Studies
Exploring the Potentials of Silver Nanoparticles in Overcoming Cisplatin Resistance in Lung Adenocarcinoma: Insights from Proteomic and Xenograft Mice Studies Open
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have shown great potential as therapeutic agents due to their ability to cause apoptotic cell death in cancer cells. However, little knowledge is available regarding the underlying action mechanisms of AgNPs to…
View article: Development and Evaluation of HopeBot: an LLM-based chatbot for structured and interactive PHQ-9 depression screening
Development and Evaluation of HopeBot: an LLM-based chatbot for structured and interactive PHQ-9 depression screening Open
Static tools like the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) effectively screen depression but lack interactivity and adaptability. We developed HopeBot, a chatbot powered by a large language model (LLM) that administers the PHQ-9 using re…
View article: Development and Evaluation of HopeBot: an LLM-based chatbot for structured and interactive PHQ-9 depression screening
Development and Evaluation of HopeBot: an LLM-based chatbot for structured and interactive PHQ-9 depression screening Open
Static tools like the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) effectively screen depression but lack interactivity and adaptability. We developed HopeBot, a chatbot powered by a large language model (LLM) that administers the PHQ-9 using re…
View article: Enhancing Patient Outcome Prediction Through Deep Learning With Sequential Diagnosis Codes From Structured Electronic Health Record Data: Systematic Review
Enhancing Patient Outcome Prediction Through Deep Learning With Sequential Diagnosis Codes From Structured Electronic Health Record Data: Systematic Review Open
Background The use of structured electronic health records in health care systems has grown rapidly. These systems collect huge amounts of patient information, including diagnosis codes representing temporal medical history. Sequential dia…
View article: Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health-care use among patients with cancer in England, UK: a comprehensive phase-by-phase time-series analysis across attendance types for 38 cancers
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health-care use among patients with cancer in England, UK: a comprehensive phase-by-phase time-series analysis across attendance types for 38 cancers Open
Wellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, National Institute for Health Research Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Academy of Medical Scien…
View article: Large Language Models for Mental Health Applications: Systematic Review
Large Language Models for Mental Health Applications: Systematic Review Open
Background Large language models (LLMs) are advanced artificial neural networks trained on extensive datasets to accurately understand and generate natural language. While they have received much attention and demonstrated potential in dig…
View article: Enhancing Patient Outcome Prediction Through Deep Learning With Sequential Diagnosis Codes From Structured Electronic Health Record Data: Systematic Review (Preprint)
Enhancing Patient Outcome Prediction Through Deep Learning With Sequential Diagnosis Codes From Structured Electronic Health Record Data: Systematic Review (Preprint) Open
BACKGROUND The use of structured electronic health records in health care systems has grown rapidly. These systems collect huge amounts of patient information, including diagnosis codes representing temporal medical history. Sequential di…
View article: Large Language Models for Mental Health Applications: Systematic Review (Preprint)
Large Language Models for Mental Health Applications: Systematic Review (Preprint) Open
BACKGROUND Large language models (LLMs) are advanced artificial neural networks trained on extensive datasets to accurately understand and generate natural language. While they have received much attention and demonstrated potential in di…
View article: On the estimation of the effect of weight change on a health outcome using observational data, by utilising the target trial emulation framework
On the estimation of the effect of weight change on a health outcome using observational data, by utilising the target trial emulation framework Open
Background/Objectives When studying the effect of weight change between two time points on a health outcome using observational data, two main problems arise initially (i) ‘when is time zero?’ and (ii) ‘which confounders should we account …
View article: Hospital admissions linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents: cohort study of 3.2 million first ascertained infections in England
Hospital admissions linked to SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents: cohort study of 3.2 million first ascertained infections in England Open
Objective To describe hospital admissions associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents. Design Cohort study of 3.2 million first ascertained SARS-CoV-2 infections using electronic health care record data. Setting Englan…
View article: Injury primes mutation-bearing astrocytes for dedifferentiation in later life
Injury primes mutation-bearing astrocytes for dedifferentiation in later life Open
Despite their latent neurogenic potential, most normal parenchymal astrocytes fail to dedifferentiate to neural stem cells in response to injury. In contrast, aberrant lineage plasticity is a hallmark of gliomas, and this suggests that tum…
View article: Identifying and visualising multimorbidity and comorbidity patterns in patients in the English National Health Service: a population-based study
Identifying and visualising multimorbidity and comorbidity patterns in patients in the English National Health Service: a population-based study Open
UK Research and Innovation, Medical Research Council, National Institute for Health and Care Research, Department of Health and Social Care, Wellcome Trust, British Heart Foundation, and The Alan Turing Institute.
View article: Using national electronic health records for pandemic preparedness: validation of a parsimonious model for predicting excess deaths among those with COVID-19–a data-driven retrospective cohort study
Using national electronic health records for pandemic preparedness: validation of a parsimonious model for predicting excess deaths among those with COVID-19–a data-driven retrospective cohort study Open
Objectives To use national, pre- and post-pandemic electronic health records (EHR) to develop and validate a scenario-based model incorporating baseline mortality risk, infection rate (IR) and relative risk (RR) of death for prediction of …
View article: Pan-cancer analyses of the associations between 109 pre-existing conditions and cancer treatment patterns across 19 adult cancers
Pan-cancer analyses of the associations between 109 pre-existing conditions and cancer treatment patterns across 19 adult cancers Open
Comorbidities present considerable challenges to cancer treatment and care. However, little is known about the effect of comorbidity on cancer treatment decisions across a wide range of cancer types and treatment modalities. Harnessing a c…
View article: Comparing clinical trial population representativeness to real-world populations: an external validity analysis encompassing 43 895 trials and 5 685 738 individuals across 989 unique drugs and 286 conditions in England
Comparing clinical trial population representativeness to real-world populations: an external validity analysis encompassing 43 895 trials and 5 685 738 individuals across 989 unique drugs and 286 conditions in England Open
Wellcome Trust, National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Academy of Medical Sciences, and the University Col…
View article: Impact of anti-arrhythmic drugs and catheter ablation on the survival of patients with atrial fibrillation: a population study based on 199 433 new-onset atrial fibrillation patients in the UK
Impact of anti-arrhythmic drugs and catheter ablation on the survival of patients with atrial fibrillation: a population study based on 199 433 new-onset atrial fibrillation patients in the UK Open
Aims Utilizing real-world UK data, we aimed to understand: (i) whether anti-arrhythmic drugs and catheter ablation are effective in improving the survival of atrial fibrillation (AF) patients and (ii) which rhythm control option produces b…
View article: Depression, anxiety, substance misuse and self-harm in children and young people with rare chronic liver disease
Depression, anxiety, substance misuse and self-harm in children and young people with rare chronic liver disease Open
Summary The burden of mental illness in young people with chronic liver disease is not known. In this population cohort study in England, we identified 358 individuals (aged ≤25 years) diagnosed with autoimmune hepatitis or liver disease r…
View article: COVID-19 trajectories among 57 million adults in England: a cohort study using electronic health records
COVID-19 trajectories among 57 million adults in England: a cohort study using electronic health records Open
BACKGROUND: Updatable estimates of COVID-19 onset, progression, and trajectories underpin pandemic mitigation efforts. To identify and characterise disease trajectories, we aimed to define and validate ten COVID-19 phenotypes from nationwi…
View article: There is no health without mental health: Challenges ignored and lessons learned
There is no health without mental health: Challenges ignored and lessons learned Open
In his investigations of the relationship between the mind and the body, René Descartes, the father of modern philosophy, coined the term Cartesian dualism, colloquially known as mind–body dualism. According to Descartes, the mind and body…
View article: Pan-cancer prognostic genetic mutations and clinicopathological factors associated with survival outcomes: a systematic review
Pan-cancer prognostic genetic mutations and clinicopathological factors associated with survival outcomes: a systematic review Open
Cancer is a leading cause of death, accounting for almost 10 million deaths annually worldwide. Personalised therapies harnessing genetic and clinical information may improve survival outcomes and reduce the side effects of treatments. The…
View article: Cumulative burden of psychiatric disorders and self-harm across 26 adult cancers
Cumulative burden of psychiatric disorders and self-harm across 26 adult cancers Open
Cancer is a life-altering event causing considerable psychological distress. However, information on the total burden of psychiatric disorders across all common adult cancers and therapy exposures has remained scarce. Here, we estimated th…
View article: Early Prediction of Neoplasms Using Machine Learning: A Study of Electronic Health Records from the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs in Saudi Arabia
Early Prediction of Neoplasms Using Machine Learning: A Study of Electronic Health Records from the Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs in Saudi Arabia Open
The early detection and treatment of neoplasms, and in particular the malignant, can save lives. However, identifying those most at risk of developing neoplasms remains challenging. Electronic Health Records (EHR) provide a rich source of …